Unit 5- Agriculture

Question 1

Intensive/subsistence farming practices

Answer 1

Production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer/family. Small land area; lot of manual labor

Question 2

Extensive/commercial farming practices

Answer 2

Production of food primarily for sale off farm. Large land; minimal labor (nomadic herder)

Question 3

Rural settlement patterns; Clustered, Dispersed, Linear

Answer 3

Clustered: (European) houses and building close together, strong sense of community, share services (school/churches), farms have to walk to their fields
Dispersed: (North American) live far apart from each other, westward expansion, (Enclosure movement)
Linear: buildings/homes are set up in a line, following a line or river, equal access to resources

Question 4

Rural survey methods; metes & bounds, Township & Range, Long lot

Answer 4

Metes and bounds: (England) irregular shapes based off of specific points, (100 yards from the barn)
Township and range: (U.S.) 6 miles wide and 6 miles long, consistent
Long lot: (French/Quebec/Louisiana) long sections are land perpendicular to the river, even access to resources

Question 5

Agricultural Hearths

Answer 5

where crops/resources originate/birthplace

Question 6

The First Agricultural Revolution (Neolithic Revolution)

Answer 6

(10,000 BCE) when humans first domesticated plants/animals, caused by climate change and culture

Question 7

Columbian Exchange

Answer 7

transfer of plants/animals/people/culture/tech between the Western Hemisphere and Europe -> colonization

Question 8

The Second Agricultural Revolution

Answer 8

great increase of quality/quantity of farm products, decrease in the price of food, larger and fewer farms (enclosure movement)

Question 9

The Green Revolution

Answer 9

an attempt to import Western agricultural products to subsistence farms in Asia, Latin America, and Africa. Diffusion of new methods-> hybrid seeds/GMO, fertilizers, herbicides/pesticides

Question 10

Pastoral Nomadism

Answer 10

Subsistence Agriculture; the herding of domesticated animals (Central/Southwest Asia and North Africa) (Dry climate)

Question 11

Shifting Cultivation

Answer 11

Subsistence Agriculture; grow crops then abandon the field for a few years in order for the nutrients to be restored to the soil

Question 12

Slash and burn agriculture

Answer 12

Subsistence Agriculture; 1)Identify land 2) Clear land 3) Burn land 4) plant crops 5)Abandon 6) repeat (Latin America/Sub-Saharan Africa/Southeast Asia) (Tropical Rainforest)

Question 13

Intensive Subsistence with Wet Rice Dominant

Answer 13

Subsistence Agriculture; Produce a lot of food on a small amount of land, waste no land (no roads/animals), flood the fields, double cropping (Warm winter) (E/S/SE Asia)

Question 14

Intensive Subsistence with Wet Rice Not Dominant

Answer 14

Subsistence Agriculture; Produce a lot of food on a small amount of land, no rice, (cold winters) (India/Northeastern China)

Question 15

Intertillage

Answer 15

system of planting crops on ridge tops, crops are planted on the same ridge year after year

Question 16

Double cropping

Answer 16

2 harvests per year from one field (warm winters, China/Taiwan)

Question 17

Multi cropping

Answer 17

Planting many different crops at one time/same field

Question 18

Plantation Farming

Answer 18

Commercial Agriculture; production of one or more cash crop, owned and operated by Developed Countries, Imported workers (Latin America/Africa/Asia)

Question 19

Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming

Answer 19

Commercial Agriculture; Crops and livestock are integrated, crops are fed to the animals, crop rotation (Central Europe, U.S.)

Question 20

Dairy Farming

Answer 20

Commercial Agriculture; the use of cows in order to produce milk and other dairy products (Urban areas, U.S., Canada, Europe) (Milkshed) Labor-intensive-> milked X2 /Winter feed

Question 21

Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming
(truck farming)

Answer 21

Commercial Agriculture; Fresh Apples, cherries, tomatoes, asparagus, use migrants, (Southeastern U.S. -> large markets of New York)

Question 22

Grain Farming

Answer 22

Commercial Agriculture; for livestock and human consumption, wheat, barely, corn, (U.S., Canada, India, China) Wheat Belts -> spring vs winter

Question 23

Mediterranean Agriculture

Answer 23

Commercial Agriculture; Growing of grapes, fresh fruits/vegetables, no livestock, (Areas by the sea/West Coast)

Question 24

Livestock Ranching VS. Feedlots

Answer 24

Commercial Agriculture; growing/fattening up cattle and other animals for human consumption (Texas/U.S.)

Question 25

Von Thünen model

Answer 25

1)Market goods/dairy 2) Wood/timber 3) Various crops/pastures 4) Animal grazing Assumed-> uniform landscape, social customs, cost of land/cost of transportation, technology

Question 26

bid-rent theory

Answer 26

farther from the market the cost of land is cheaper, compared to closer where land is more expensive

Question 27

Agribusiness

Answer 27

system of commercial farming found in developed countries, 2% are farmers

Question 28

Economies of Scale

Answer 28

Cost advantages, increasing production, lowering costs (Feed cattle corn)

Question 29

Commodity chains

Answer 29

The process used by corporations gather resources-> make a product-> get it to customers

Question 30

Monoculture

Answer 30

growing only one crop year after year, specializing in one crop

Question 31

Global food distribution networks/chains

Answer 31

the growing, production, transportation, etc of product

Question 32

Desertification

Answer 32

The process by which arable land loses its fertility and becomes a desert (Africa/Middle East)

Question 33

Soil salinization

Answer 33

when there is too much salt in the soil, decreases crip growth, limits nutrients

Question 34

Terraces

Answer 34

method of growing crops on sides of hills or mountains on flat surfaces, high population on hilly lands

Question 35

Irrigation

Answer 35

applying controlled water to crops, helps growth, developed countries

Question 36

Deforestation

Answer 36

the clearing of large land and forests/rainforests for human use

Question 37

Draining wetlands

Answer 37

filling in swamps, marshes, etc, and removing water in order for human use

Question 38

Biotechnology

Answer 38

changing nature through breeding or altering organisms

Question 39

Genetically modified organisms

Answer 39

a living organism that possess a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of biotechnology (12% of all farmland)

Question 40

Aquaculture

Answer 40

cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions (Fish, crustaceans, mollusks, plants)

Question 41

Urban farming

Answer 41

farming in a city-like setting, community gardens, rooftop farms, etc

Question 42

Community-supported agriculture (CSA)

Answer 42

where farmers and consumers have an agreement with products, food goes straight to the customer, protects the farmer

Question 43

Organic farming

Answer 43

farming that depends on the naturally occuring substances while prohibiting the use of things like pesticides, herbicides, and growth hormones

Question 44

Value-added specialty crops

Answer 44

growing crops specifically for alternate reasons, not fresh, fruits for pie, meat for jerky, etc

Question 45

Local-food movements- Farm to Table

Answer 45

businesses and restaurants get their ingredients from local farmers instead of big corporations