Bio SAT Flashcards
(338 cards)
1
Q
When number of protons = number of electrons
A
atom in elemental state
2
Q
Electrons in the lowest available energy level
A
ground state
3
Q
Are isotopes chemically identical
A
yes
4
Q
Used to diagnose diseases of thyroid
A
radioactive idoine (I-131)
5
Q
When two atomic nuclei attract the same electron
A
bonding
6
Q
CL-, NA+, and CA2+ examples of
A
ions (from ionic bonding)
7
Q
Covalent bonding (sharing electrons) results in
A
molecules
8
Q
When two atoms share one pair electonrs
A
single covalent bond
9
Q
What is the anon in water?
A
oxygen
10
Q
weaker than ionic bonds have stronger than non polar bonds
A
hydrogen bonding
11
Q
Hydrogen bonding – polar or non polar
A
polar
12
Q
Bonding between non polar molecules
A
Van der walls
13
Q
Example of van Der walls
A
CO2
14
Q
What type of substances diffuse across PM
A
non polar
15
Q
Capillary action made possible by
A
adhesion
16
Q
Transpirational-pull cohesion tension made possible and surface tension made possible by
A
cohesion tenstion
17
Q
As the concentration of H+ increases, the pH
A
decreases
18
Q
pH of acid rain
A
less than 5.6
19
Q
human blood and seawater: basic or acidic
A
basic
20
Q
HC03- is the
A
bicarbonate ion
21
Q
What kind of bonding is sharing electrons
A
covalent
22
Q
What kind of bonding is transferring electrons
A
ionic
23
Q
1 gram carb releases
A
4 calories heat
24
Q
Monosacchardie chem formula
A
CnH2nOn
25
Same molecular formula but different structures
isomers
26
What reaction occurs in digestion
hydrolysis
27
Makes up exoskeleton in arthropods
chitin
28
Stored in liver and skeletal muscle
glycogen (animal starch)
29
Hydrocarbon chain with carboxyl group at one end
fatty acid
30
Have only single bonds btwn carbon atoms
saturated fats
31
Have at least one double bond between carbons (fewer hydrogens)
Unsaturated fats
32
1 gram lipid releases
9 calories of heat
33
Parts of an amino acid
Carboxyl group, amine group, variable R, all attached to central carbon
34
1 gram protein releases
4 calories
35
Elements in proteins
CHONSP
36
Can proteins be hormones
yes
37
the 3D conformation of a protein
tertiary structure
38
Do enzymes bind to many or only one type of substrate
just one
39
Enzyme that hydrolyzes "-ose" would be named
"-ase"
40
minerals + enzymes
cofactors
41
vitamins + enzymes
coenzymes
42
Denature when body temp rises above
40 C
43
What elements make up nucleic acids
CHONP
44
Parts of nucleotide
Phosphate, 5-C sugar, nitrogenous base
45
Is uracil pyrimidines or purine
pyrimidine
46
Water is a __ polar molecule with __ hydrogen attraction __ its molecules
highly
strong
between
47
Does water have high or low heat of fusion
High
48
Takes a lot of heat to melt water like ice
High heat of fusion
49
Why does water have relatively high heat of vaporization
strong intermolecular attractions
50
O=C=OH is
carboxyl group
51
chain of C's with OH on one side and H on the other
glycerol
52
Sweating is due to
high heat of vaporization
53
Can temp affect an enzyme
yes
54
Endocrine opposition of insulin to increase blood sugar
glucagon
55
First person observe/document living cells
Leeuwenhoek
56
Microscope, coined term "cell"
Robert Hook
57
"Where a cell exists, there must be a preexisting cell"
Rudolf Virchow
58
Parts of cell theory
all living things composed of cells
cells basic unit of all organisms
all cells arise prexising cells
59
Most plant and animal cells micrometers
10 to 100
60
Are ribosomes larger pros or euks
euks
61
Most have tough external cell walls
Pros
62
__ fits __
form
| function
63
Does the nucleolus divide
no
64
Are nucleoli membrane bound structures
no
65
Site of transport throughout cytoplasm
Rough ER
66
Where does glycogen/carb metabolism occur
smooth ER
67
Complex network protein filaments extends throughout cytoplasm, gives cell shape and ability to move
cytoskeleton
68
Thick hollow tubes made of tubular
microtubules
69
What do microtubules make
cilia, flagella, spindle fibers
70
made of actin, help support shape of cell
microfilaments
71
Enable animal cells to form cleavage furrow, amoeba to move by sending out pseudopods, skeletal muscles contract by sliding along myosin filaments
microfilaments
72
Lie outside nuclear membrane, organize spindle fibers (microtubules) required for cell division
centrioles and centrosomes
73
Only __ cells have centrioles and centrosomes
animal cells
74
Plant cells have __
microtubule organizing regions instead
75
___, at right angles to each other, make up __
Two centrioles
| one centrosome
76
__ and __ have the same structure
centrioles
| spindle fibers
77
Centrioles =
9 triplets
78
9 triplets =
Centrioles
79
Cilia and flagella =
9 +2
80
9 +2
cilia and flagella
81
Both cilia an dflagella are made from
microtubules
82
Substance that does dissolving
solvent
83
Substance that dissolves
salute
84
Types of Passive transport
Simple diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
85
The steeper the gradient, the __ the rate of diffusion
faster
86
Calcium enters nerve cells through
facilitated diffusion
87
Is 5 percent sodium chloride hypertonic or hypotonic to a cell
hypertonic
88
Active release of molecules from a cell
Exocytosis
89
Types of endocytosis
pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis
90
What type of transport do pseudopods use
phagocytosis
91
How do body cells uptake cholesterol
receptor mediated endocytosis
92
What does sodium potassium pump use
active transport
93
Only animal cells exhibit
locomotion
94
Main tool for studying cell structure/cytology
compound microscope
95
Where is the diaphragm on a microscope
right below the stage
96
To determine total magnification, multiply magnification of ___ by magnification of objective lens
ocular lens/eyepiece
| objective lense
97
A light microscope that enhances contrast; useful for living, unstained cells
phase-contrast microscope
98
TEM is __, while SEM is __
2D; 3D
99
Site of RNA production; produces RNA that makes up ribosomes
nucleoli
100
T/F: only plant cells have large vacuoles
F
101
Spindle fibers and centrioles consist of
nine triplets of microtubules in a circle
102
Membranes in mitochondria?
Outer double membrane and folded inner membrane
103
Plastids membranes
Double outer membrane and inner one (grana)
104
What does meiosis produce
gametes
105
Two sister chromatids (exact copies of each other) =
replicated chromosome
106
Specialized religion holding two sister chromosomes together
centromere
107
___ connect the centromere to the ___ during cell division
spindle fibers
| centrosome
108
What is this: X
one chromosome
| Also acceptable: one replicated chromosome
109
Some cells like ___ permanently lose ability to __ and go into ___
nerve and muscle cells
divide
G zero
110
proteins ensure cell doesn't undergo mitosis till certain conditions met
internal regulators
111
what are growth factors
external regulators
112
what do growth factors do
affect rate of cell cycle
113
What stage?
| Chromosomes replicate, one or more nucleoli become visible in nuclear, nuclear membrane remains intact
Interphase
114
5 parts of prophase?
```
Chromosomes condense
Nucleoli disappear
Spindle fibers form from one centrosome to tother
centrioles migrate to poles
nuclear membrane diseintegrates
```
115
3 parts of metaphase?
Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate
Centrosomes at opposite ends of cell
spinde fibers run from centrosomes to centromeres of chromo
116
what does centromere refer to
connection point btwn sister chromatids
117
2 parts of anaphase?
Centromeres of each chromosome separate
| Spindle fibers pull sister chromosomes apart
118
3 parts of telophase
chromosomes cluster opposite ends
nuclear membrane reforms
supercoiled chromosomes unravel
119
What signals interphase?
nucleoli reforming
120
Processes during reduction division?
synapsis, crossing over, independent separation
121
What is independent separation
how one pair of chromosomes separates doesn't affect how other pairs separate
122
What separates during Meiosis II
sister chromatids separate
123
What separates during Meiosis I
Homologous chromosomes separate
124
How many cells result from Meiosis
four
125
are cells produced by meiosis genetically identical
no, genetically unique
126
how many crossing overs occur
just one
127
Produces cells with half the n chromosome number
meiosis I
128
chromosome number remains unchanged
Meiosis II
129
X X -- how many chromosomes
2
130
X X -- how many chromatids
4
131
How to determine number of chromsomes
count number of centromeres
132
When is the nucleolus visible
interphase
133
T/F: spindle fibers are attached to the centriole in plant cells
F
134
Is cell respiration reduction or oxidation
oxidative
135
Equation for cellular reps. one molecule glucose:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy
136
Waste products from cell resp
co2 and water
137
Energy is __ to __ a phosphate to ___ to produce __
absorbed
add
ADP
ATP
138
Processes using substrate level phosphorylation?
Glycolysis and Krebs cycle
139
What is the anaerobic phase of aerobic cell respiration?
glycolysis
140
1 glucose + 2ATP -->
2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 NADH
141
How many turns of Krebs cycle to break down one molecule glucose/2 pyruvates
2 turns
142
Products of 1 turn of Krebs
1 atp
1 fadh2
3 nadh
143
Waste product of krebs cycle
CO2
144
NADH and FADH2 are ___ that shuttle ____ from ___ and ___ to the ___
```
coenzymes
protons and electrons
glycolysis
Krebs cycle
ETC
```
145
NADH
| NAD+
reduced form
| oxidized form
146
FADH2
| FAD+
reduced form
| oxidized form
147
Flow of protons cellular rest
pups protons from inner matrix to outer compartment, then flood back into matrix
148
What powers pumping protons across crustal membrane
Electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 being pulled through ETC
149
Roles of oxygen cellular reps
pulls electrons through ETC
| Final electron/proton acceptor
150
ETC is collection of carrier molecules like
cytochromes
151
__ molecule glucose leads to __ molecules ATP
1
| 36
152
Other routes for 2 pyruvate from glycolysis:
alcohol/lactic acid fermentation
153
Where is lactic acid converted back to pyruvate
liver
154
Does cell respiration produce energy
No, it only transfers it
155
What is waste product of ETC
water
156
What is immediate result of electron transport chain?
Creates proton gradient
157
What processes in cell reps require energy
just glycolysis
158
What s the raw material for krebs cycle
acetyl coa
159
Where does Krebs cycle occur
inner matrix
160
where does ETC occur
cristae membrane
161
where does glycolysis occur
cytoplasm
162
Formula for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 12H20 + energy --> C6H1206 +6H20+602
163
Is photosynthesis oxidation or reduction
reduction
164
If something appears green, it __ green and absorbs all other colors of lighr
reflects
165
what color is photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll a
green
166
Where are phycobilins found
red algae
167
Do both reactions of photosynthesis take place all the time
No, both take place wonly when there is light
168
Function of light reactions
produce ATP and protons for next stage
169
Light ind focus
make sugar (PGAL)
170
Where do electrons from photosynthesis water go
replace those lost by chlorophyl
171
Where do protons from water in photosynthesis go
pass through ATP, carried by NADP to storm
172
Where do O2 go
oxygen as waste product
173
In photosynthesis, the protons begin the in the __ and are pumped into the __, then flow back into the __
stroma
thylakoid space
stroma
174
What process occurs in Calvin cycle
carbon fixation
175
why do light reactions make ATP
keep Calvin cycle running
176
Carbon fixation equation
CO2 + protons and electrons carried by NADP --> PGAL
177
first enzyme in Calvin cycle
rubisco
178
two important particles in photosynthesis
NADP+ and NADPH
179
two important particles in cellular reps
NAD and NADH
180
What does water split into during photosynthesis
protons, electrons, oxygen
181
Tightly packed cells containing chloroplasts
palisade mesophyll
182
Clear and does not carry out photosynthesis
Epidermis layer
183
above the edidermis, clear and minimizes water loss
cutin
184
Why is photosynthesis reduction
CO2 gains hydrogen
185
Carotenoids absorb all colors of light except
yellow
186
brought math to inheritance laws
Mendel
187
What laws did Mendel produce
law of dominance, segregation, independent assortment
188
when two organisms, homozygous for two opposing traits, offspring will be hybrid but only exhibit dominant
law of dominance
189
During the formation of gametes, the ___ carried by each parent ___
two traits
| separate
190
What is monohybrid cross
Cross btwn two organisms each hybrid for single trait
191
Phenotype Monohybrid
3 tall, one short
192
Genotype Monohybrid
1 HH: 2 Hh: 1hh
193
what does test cross find
whether animal showing dominant trait is BB or Bb
194
In a testcorss, if any offspring show recessive trait, parent of unknown genotype must be
hybrid
195
What is phenotypes for testcross in which one parent pure recessive one parent hybrid
1 to 1
196
What determines how alleles are inherited
how homologous pairs line up in metaphase of meiosis I (random)
197
What is dihybrid
cross between two individuals hybrid for two different traits
198
What is phenotypic ratio for dihybrid cross
9:3:3:1
199
Only dealt with one gene, two allelles
Mendelian
200
What does crossing BB with WW produce according to incomplete dominance
all BW
201
example of codominance
MM and NN blood group like to MN, where both types are fully expressed
202
When there are more than two allelic forms of a gene
multiple alleles
203
What are blood types an example of
Codominance and multiple alleles
204
when characteristic controlled by many separate genes
polygenic inheritance
205
Polygenic inheritance such as skin pigmentation results in
bell-shaped curve
206
All daughters of affected fathers are ___of recessive sex linked traits
carriers
207
Sons __ inherit a sex-linked trait from the __ because the son inherits the Y chromosome from the father
cannot
| father
208
Genes located on either sex chromosme
sex-linked genes
209
When inheritance is influenced by the sex of the individual carrying the traits
sex-influenced inheritance
210
How many total chromosomes in a human
46
211
How many autosomes
44 or 22 pairs
212
How many sex chromosomes
2 or 1 pair
213
pedigrees based on
phenotype
214
caused by a change in the DNA sequence
gene mutations
215
can be observed under light microscope; may have deletion or addition
chromosome mutation
216
Any abnormal chromosome condition
aneuploidy
217
If chromosome present in triplicate
trisomy
218
An organism in which the cells have an extra set of chromsomes
triploid
219
example of triploid
cells of endosperm or cotyledon
220
Organism with more than 3 sets of chromsomes
polyploid
221
Examples of chromosome abberations
deletion, inversion, translocation, polyploidy, nondisjunction
222
Degenerate disease of nervous system
Huntington's disease
223
PKU pattern
Autosomal recessive
224
Cycstic fibrosis pattern
Autosomal recessive
225
Tay=Sachs pattern
AR
226
Hemolphilia pattern
sex-linked recessive
227
color blindness
sex-linked recessive
228
How to rule out sex-linked dominant?
At least one parent would need to have trait
229
discovered bacterial transformation
griffith
230
DNA replication occurs in
opposite directions
231
RNA single or double stranded
double stranded
232
Clover leaf shaped molecule that carries specific amino acid molecules to ___ at the ribosome to help form a polypeptide during __
mRNA
| translation
233
when RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to growing end of new strand
elongation
234
what do slurps do
remove introns during RNA processing
235
What are stop codons
UAA
UGA
UAG
236
what is start codon
AUG
237
Role of anticodons?
To match up with DNA and thus bring
238
If the codon is AUG, what is the anticodon?
UAC (met)
239
genes + their switchese
operon
240
Two types of operons?
Lac/Inducible operon
| Repressible operon
241
binding site RNA polymerase
promoter (like an on switch)
242
Binding site for the repressor
operator
243
Turns off the Lac operon
repressor
244
helps RNA polymerase bind to promoter
TATA box
245
Point mutation =
base-pair substitution
246
Point mutation is what type of mutation?
Gene mutation
247
What type of gene mutation results in frameshift
insertion/deletion
248
Having entire extra sets of chromosomes, like 3n or 4n
polyploidy
249
What does presswork for gel electrophoresis
restriction enzymes
250
Does PCR use cells
No, just DNA
251
what is mismatch repair
DNA polymerase proofreading
252
example of molecular biology
chromosome c
253
whop published treatise on population growth, disease, famine that inspired Darwin
Malthus
254
darkening due to industrailization
industrial melanism
255
when two or more phenotypes coexist in a population; often results from diversifying selection
balanced polymorphism
256
What are the sources of variation in a population
mutation, genetic drift, gene flow
257
when small population breaks away from larger one to colonize a new area
founder effect
258
what do founder effect and bottleneck effect have in common
both are examples of genetic drift in which part is not representative of the whole
259
movement of alleles into or out of a population
gene flow
260
How to take square roots of decimals
make sure that there are the same number of digits beyond decimal point in the factors as in the answer
261
If lions and tigers can interbreed, are they same species?
No, they would not do so in nature
262
Is polyploidy example of isolation factor leading to speciation
yes
263
when two groups have the same common ancestor, they both evolve but do so in similar environments
parallel evolution (wolves in N. America and Australia)
264
Examples of coevolution
predator/prey, pollinator plant
265
same common ancestor, same environment with different niches
adaptive radiation
266
Why don't accept gradualism
can't find transitional fossils for every stage
267
Example of punctuated equilibrium?
New species arises in a different place and expands its range, competing with and replacing the ancestral species that becomes extinct
268
What made up ancient environment
methane, ammonia, vapor, and nitrogen
269
Why could organic molecules form in early earth
no oxygen to erode them
270
What is heterotrophic hypothesis
states that first ells on earth were anaerobic heterotrophc prokaryotes
271
What organelles resulted from endosymbioisis
nuclei, chloroplasts, mitochondria
272
period of time in which so many animals appeared
Cambrian xplosion
273
What allowed animals to move around
```
lungs
skin
Limbs
Internal fertilization
Shell for eggs
```
274
What allowed plants to move to land
```
roots
cells for light
vascular tissue for water
cutin
seeds
```
275
Volcanic eruptions in Siberia
Permian mass extinction
276
asteroid crashed into Mexico
Createcous mass extinction
277
Does evolution always cause organisms to become more complex
no, only to fit their environment
278
Part of Darwin's theory? Organisms change in response to a need in the environment
false
279
Part of Darwrin's theory? Populations tend to overpopulate
yes
280
How was populations tend to overpopulate developed
by Darwin after reading Malthus' treaty on disease
281
Stephen Gould and Niles Edlridge developed
puntuated equillibrium
282
What is genetic drift
a change in the gene pool due to chance
283
chocolate or fruit first
chocolate
284
How to bacteria get food
hetero/autotrophic
285
Do bacteria have cell wall
yes
286
what is blue-green algae
autotrhopihic bacteria
287
What do methanogens do
produce methane from hydrogen to obtain nrg
288
what kingdom seaweeds and slime molds
protista
289
do some Protista carry out conjugation
yes
290
Are any fungi autotrophic
No, all heterotrophic
291
organisms that obtain food from decaying organic matter
saprobes
292
what category is regular mold
fungus
293
are any plants multicellular
No, all unicellular
294
Are any animals autotrohpic
No, all heterotrophic
295
Characteristics of chordates
Post-anal tail
Dorsal nerve cord
Notochord
Gill slits
296
Do Porifera/sponges have tissue
No, loose federation of cells
297
Do flatworms have organs?
Yes
298
Most bilaterally symmetrical animals are ___
triploblastic
299
most simple animal to show cephalization?
flatworm
300
provides space for organ systems
coelom
301
What animals are coelomates
annelida, Mollusca, arthropoda, chordata
302
A fluid-filled body cavity completely surrounded by __ tissue
mesoderm
303
Example of pseudocoelomate
roundworm
304
Mneumonic phyla?
Charlie eats a monkey annually, never pondering chestnut pie
305
Order of phyla?
```
Chordata
Echinoderms
Arthopods
Mollusca
Annelids
Nematodes
Platyhemids
cyndiarians
proiferia
```
306
Do flatworms have 3 cell layers
yes
307
Porifera reproduction?
fragmentation, hermaphrodites
308
cnidarians types of digestion?
Intraceullar/extracellular digestion
309
Examples of platyhelminthes
Flatworms and tapeworms
310
Advancements of flatworm?
Bilateral symmetry
Cephalization
There cel layers
311
Examples of annelids?
earthworms and leeches
312
Examples of mollusks?
squids, octopuses, slugs, clams, snails
313
Molluks have a __ circulatory system with blood-filled __
open
| hemocoels
314
Examples arthropods?
Insects (grasshopper), crustaceans (shrimp, crab), arachnids (spider)
315
Examples echinoderms
Sea stars, sea urchins
316
generate heat from within, example is reptile
some reptiles
317
maintain consistent body temp
homeotherms
318
Do cladograms tell time
no
319
What becomes digestive system?
Endoderm
320
How do archaea obtain energy?
autotrophic and heterotrophic
321
How do all animals get nutrients
ingestion
322
What do some arthropods have
exoskeleton made of chitin
323
heated from the outside
ectotherm
324
Benefit of being warm-blooded?
Can move around at any time
325
What waste do birds excrete
uric acid
326
Where does digestion occur hydra
gastrovascular cavy
327
food enters the same opening waste exits
two way digestive tract
328
Do cnidarians have 3 cell layers
no
329
Hydra/cnidarian nervous system
nerve net
330
increases surface area in intestine for absorption
typhlosole
331
What is responsible for removing uric acid from grasshoppers
Malpighian tubules in the digestive tract
332
Why does grasshopper have open circulatory system
blood leaves artery and moves through sinuses
333
Grasshoppers internal or external respiratory surface
internal
334
Which one has an open circulatory system
grasshoppers
335
Which was has closed circulatory system
Earthworm
336
Which one has external respiratory surface
worm
337
Which one has internal respiratory surface
grasshoppers
338
What is earthworm's nitrogenous waste
urea
