bio systems Flashcards
(6 cards)
What do each of these cells do:
Glial cells -
Satellite cells -
Microglia –
Astrocytes –
Platelets –
Oligodendrocytes –
What do each of these cells do:
A glial cell is a supportive cell in the nervous system that has the ability to divide.
Satellite cells are glial cells that provide nutrients and structural support to the peripheral nervous system. They are crucial for the maintenance and function of peripheral neurons.
Microglia – Microglia have immune functions and help fight off pathogens in the Central Nervous System (CNS). They are not found in the PNS and do not provide nutrients and support there.
Astrocytes – Astrocytes provide structural support and maintain nutrient balance in the CNS, not the PNS. Astrocytes and satellite cells are similar in function but are found in separate areas.
Platelets – Platelets are not glial cells. They are found in the circulatory system and do not directly interact with the nervous system.
Oligodendrocytes – Oligodendrocytes produce the myelin sheath on axons in the CNS and do not provide nutrients or structural support to the PNS
What do each of these white blood cells do, and what are the most abundant ones?
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Mast cells
Monocytes
Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cells in the body. They function to destroy pathogens and infected tissue and are among the first responders to inflammation and infection. They are drawn to infected areas by chemicals via chemotaxis and move into the tissues via diapedesis.
Basophils are one of the least common white blood cells. They are found circulating in the blood and can be recruited to tissues when needed. Basophils play a role in inflammation and allergies and are capable of releasing histamines.
Eosinophils are also less common than neutrophils. They work collectively to surround and destroy multicellular pathogens such as parasites.
Mast cells are not as abundant as neutrophils. They function in allergic reactions and inflammation by releasing histamine. Unlike basophils, they are found in tissues rather than circulating in the blood.
Monocytes are less abundant than neutrophils. They are found circulating in the bloodstream and differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells when they migrate into tissues.
Ranking of white blood cell count (highest to lowest abundance):
Neutrophils > Lymphocytes > Monocytes > Eosinophils > Basophils
Mnemonic: Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
If an individual has a parasite, which immune cell would likely destroy it?
A.
Eosinophil
B.
Mast cell
C.
Basophil
D.
Macrophage
E.
Dendritic cell
A.
If an individual has a parasite, an eosinophil would respond by destroying it. Eosinophils work collectively to surround and destroy multicellular pathogens such as parasites. These cells release granules containing destructive enzymes to destroy the pathogens.
what are cytokines and the types?
Cytokines: chemical signalling molecules used in the immune response for cell-cell communication
Interleukins are a type of cytokines.
- IL-1 involved in the inflammatory reaction
- IL-2 triggers the adaptive immune response
Interferons are another type, interfere with spread of virus, secreted by infected cells that stimulate neighboring cells to produce proteins to defend against virus
Which of the following hormones stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands?
A.
Oxytocin
B.
Somatostatin
C.
Dopamine
D.
Prolactin
E.
Growth hormone
Oxytocin is the peptide hormone that stimulates the release of milk from mammary glands during breastfeeding. This hormone also plays an important role in childbirth, as it stimulates the strong contractions to facilitate birth. Oxytocin is synthesized in the hypothalamus but stored in the posterior pituitary until needed for release.
Process of Elimination
Option B. Somatostatin – This option is incorrect. Somatostatin inhibits the release of several other hormones, such as growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone, but it does not play a role in milk ejection.
Option C. Dopamine – This option is incorrect. Dopamine (prolactin-inhibiting) is a hormone that inhibits the anterior pituitary from releasing prolactin. While this hormone prevents milk production, it is not responsible for the ejection of milk.
Option D. Prolactin – This option is incorrect. Prolactin is the hormone that stimulates milk production from mammary gland cells. While prolactin facilitates milk production, it is not responsible for the ejection of the milk like oxytocin is.
Option E. Growth hormone – This option is incorrect. Growth hormone stimulates muscle growth and cell reproduction but does not play a role in milk ejection from the mammary glands.
