diversity of life

Question 1

What kind of hearts do reptiles have?

Answer 1

Reptiles are vertebrates, they typically have 3 chambered hearts

But one important EXCEPTION is that crocodiles and alligators (reptiles) have 4 CHAMBERED HEARTS

Question 2

The liver helps detoxify the body by converting blood pigment waste into __________.

Answer 2

BILIRUBIN

not urea - urea for toxins and nitrogenous waste:
Functions in waste processing and breaks down many substances in the blood including toxins, nitrogenous waste (converts it to urea to be excreted), blood pigment waste (breaks down hemoglobin for eg into bilirubin, excreted in feces)

Question 3

Which of the following processes primarily facilitates filtration in the glomerulus?

A.
Diffusion

B.
Active transport

C.
Oncotic pressure

D.
Hydrostatic pressure

E.
Lymphatic drainage

Answer 3

D. hydrostatic pressure

Question 4

Longer loops of henle = ?

Answer 4

Longer loops of henle = an adaptation for organisms that need to conserve more water (eg desert animals), b/c longer loops = more opportunity to reabsorb water

Question 5

As filtrate moves through the loop of Henle, it becomes __________ in the descending limb and __________ in the ascending limb.

A.
More concentrated; more concentrated

B.
Less concentrated; less concentrated

C.
Less concentrated; more concentrated

D.
More concentrated; less concentrated

E.
Remains unchanged; less concentrated

Answer 5

D. More concentrated; less concentrated

Question 6

Macula densa cells are located in the _________ and monitor _________.

Answer 6

Distal convoluted tubule; sodium concentration

Question 7

What are the five primary types of stomach cells?

Answer 7

The five primary types of stomach cells include mucous, chief, parietal, G, and ECL cells.

Note: Goblet cells secrete mucus and are primarily found in the respiratory and small intestine, not the stomach.

Mnemonic: My Chef Prepares Great ECLairs!

Question 8

What do chief cells secrete?

Answer 8

Chief cells in the stomach secrete pepsinogen, which is the zymogen (inactive precursor) form of pepsin.
- Pepsin is a digestive enzyme used to break down proteins.
- The conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin is activated by the acidic environment of the stomach which is aided by the parietal cells that secrete HCl.

Memorization Tip: “Pepsi is the chief of all sodas” – Pepsinogen is released by the chief cells.

Question 9

What do G cells produce?

Answer 9

secrete Gastrin, a peptide hormone that indirectly stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl

Question 10

What do parietal cells secrete?

Answer 10

secrete HCl + intrinsic factor (IF, aids in vitamin B12 absorption in the intestines). HCl makes stomach highly acidic

Question 11

what do ECL cells secrete?

Answer 11

gastrin stimulates ECL cells to produce histamine (acts as a signal to parietal cells to secrete HCl)

Question 12

Which two ducts merge to form the common bile duct?

A.
Cystic duct and pancreatic duct

B.
Right hepatic duct and left hepatic duct

C.
Ampulla of Vater and pancreatic duct

D.
Cystic duct and common hepatic duct

E.
Common hepatic duct and pancreatic duct

Answer 12

D.
Cystic duct and common hepatic duct

Question 13

Which type of liver cells are responsible for the destruction of abnormal red blood cells?

A.
Hepatocytes

B.
Bile duct cells

C.
Kupffer cells

D.
Monocytes

E.
Neutrophils

Answer 13

C.
Kupffer cells

Question 14

What do each of these hormones do?

Cholecystokinin (CCK) -

Gastrin –

Ghrelin –

Somatostatin –

Secretin –

Answer 14

Cholecystokinin (CCK) - Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a digestive hormone secreted by cells in the duodenum in response to the presence of fatty acids and amino acids. CCK stimulates the gallbladder to contract, which releases bile, aiding the digestion of fats. This hormone also stimulates the pancreas to release pancreatic enzymes, facilitating the chemical digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids. Additionally, CCK slows gastric motility, increasing the time for digestion to occur in the duodenum and preventing the small intestine from overloading.

Gastrin – Gastrin stimulates the stomach’s parietal cells to secrete gastric acid (HCl), which helps digest food. This hormone does not stimulate the gallbladder or pancreas.

Ghrelin – Ghrelin is responsible for initiating hunger, signaling to the brain, and is unrelated to the gallbladder’s release of bile or the pancreas’ secretion of digestive enzymes.

Somatostatin – Somatostatin is secreted by the pancreas and inhibits the secretion of most digestive hormones. Somatostatin is an inhibitory digestive hormone, which will inhibit CCK and thus will suppress the release of bile from the gallbladder and pancreatic digestive enzymes.

Secretin – primarily stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate, rather than digestive enzymes, in order to neutralize the acidity of the chyme entering the small intestine. Moreover, secretin does not prompt the gallbladder to release bile.

Question 15

What do each of these do:

Ghrelin

Gastrin inhibitory peptide

Leptin

Epinephrine

Somatostatin

Answer 15

Ghrelin is a hormone that is secreted when the body detects a decrease in body mass, stimulating an appetite for food ingestion to increase body mass.

Gastrin inhibitory peptide is produced in response to glucose, fats, and proteins in the small intestine and stimulates the release of insulin. It is not influenced by the detection of body mass changes.

Leptin is a hormone that is secreted when there is an increase in body mass, not decrease. This hormone signals to the brain that the body is satiated, and there is no need for food intake.

Epinephrine – This hormone is mainly involved in the fight or flight response but plays a role in hunger regulation as it works to suppress hunger.

Somatostatin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas that inhibits the secretion of most digestive hormones. Changes in body mass do not affect the secretion of somatostatin.