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Circulatory, Lymphatic, Immune, Cellular, and Muscle Systems (103 cards)

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1
Q

What does the superior vena cava do?

A

Transports deoxygenated blood from the head, neck, and upper body to the right atrium.

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2
Q

What does the inferior vena cava do?

A

Transports deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium.

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3
Q

What is the function of the right atrium?

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cava and moves it into the right ventricle.

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4
Q

What is the role of the right ventricle?

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and moves it into the pulmonary artery.

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5
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do?

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle and transports it to the lungs to pick up oxygen.

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6
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary vein?

A

Transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

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7
Q

What does the left atrium do?

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins and moves it to the left ventricle.

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8
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

Transport blood away from the heart.

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9
Q

What do veins do?

A

Transport blood into the heart.

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10
Q

What is the role of the left ventricle?

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and moves it into the aorta.

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11
Q

What does the aorta do?

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the left ventricle and transports it out to the rest of the body.

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12
Q

What is the function of the septum?

A

Separates the left and right ventricles.

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the arterioventricular valve (AV)?

A

Prevents blood from flowing from the ventricles back into the atria.

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14
Q

What do semilunar valves do?

A

Prevent blood from flowing from the pulmonary artery/aorta back into the ventricles.

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15
Q

What are the main functions of the circulatory system?

A

Transportation, regulates temperature, protects against blood loss and diseases.

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16
Q

What are the three main types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, veins, capillaries.

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of arteries?

A

Thick, elastic walls; carry blood away from the heart; most carry oxygen-rich blood except for the pulmonary artery.

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of veins?

A

Thinner walls which are not elastic; muscles help keep blood flowing to the heart; have one-way valves.

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19
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Smallest blood vessels; the capillary wall is a single layer of cells; connect arteries and veins.

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20
Q

What stimulates the beating heart?

A

An electrical signal set by the sinoatrial (SA) node.

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21
Q

What is the sinoatrial (SA) node?

A

A specialized muscle tissue located in the upper right atrium which sets the heartbeat.

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22
Q

What is the role of the atrioventricular (AV) node?

A

Receives the signal as the atria contract and is located in the lower right atrium.

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23
Q

What is the Bundle of His?

A

A bundle of fibers that the signal is sent through.

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24
Q

What are Purkinje fibres?

A

The division of the bundle of fibers.

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25
What is blood pressure?
When blood pushes against vessel walls as it passes through the blood vessels.
26
What are the types of blood pressure?
Systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.
27
How is blood pressure measured?
Usually measured in the arm using a sphygmomanometer.
28
What is considered healthy blood pressure?
120 mmHg over 80 mmHg.
29
What is systolic pressure?
Maximum blood pressure when the ventricles contract.
30
What is diastolic pressure?
Lowest blood pressure before ventricles contract again.
31
What are the three pathways of the circulatory system?
The pulmonary pathway, the systemic pathway, and the coronary pathway.
32
What does the pulmonary pathway do?
Transports oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and takes oxygen-rich blood back to the heart.
33
What is the function of the systemic pathway?
Takes oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body and returns oxygen-poor blood to the heart.
34
What does the coronary pathway provide?
Blood to the heart itself.
35
What is arteriosclerosis?
Walls of the arteries thicken and become harder, decreasing blood flow and increasing blood pressure.
36
What is a common type of arteriosclerosis?
Atherosclerosis, which involves buildup of plaque on the artery walls.
37
What can arteriosclerosis lead to?
Chest pains (angina), blood clots, shortness of breath, heart attack, heart failure.
38
What are treatments for arteriosclerosis?
Aspirin or other medications, angioplasty, coronary bypass operation.
39
What is a heart murmur?
When valves in the heart do not close completely or do not open properly, causing blood to leak.
40
What is the treatment for a mild heart murmur?
Left alone; medications may help the heart squeeze harder, prevent blood clots, or remove extra water.
41
What is an aneurysm?
A bulge that forms in the wall of a weakened blood vessel, usually an artery.
42
What is the treatment for an aneurysm?
Surgery.
43
What is blood?
A connective tissue that links all the cells and organs in the body.
44
What are the two elements of blood?
Fluid portion (plasma) and solid portion (formed portion).
45
What is plasma?
The fluid portion of blood that carries blood cells and other substances.
46
What are erythrocytes?
Red blood cells specialized for oxygen transport, making up about 44% of blood volume.
47
What are leucocytes?
White blood cells that are part of the body's response to infection.
48
What are platelets?
Cell fragments that play a key role in clotting blood.
49
What is the function of blood?
Transport nutrients, hormones, waste, and gases.
50
How does blood regulate temperature?
By dilating or constricting blood vessels to manage heat loss.
51
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
Helps WBC’s protect the body against infection
52
What are lymphocytes?
Specialized WBC that help fight infection and mature in lymph nodes
53
What do lymph nodes do?
Help trap and destroy bacteria
54
What are the 3 lines of defense in the defense system?
1. Barriers to keep pathogens out 2. Macrophages are a general defense against a wide variety of pathogens 3. Specific defenses for individual pathogens
55
What are pathogens?
Microscopic organisms that can make you ill
56
What is the first line of defense?
Includes saliva, tears, skin, mucus, stomach acid, and 'good' gut bacteria that prevent entry and kill harmful microbes
57
What is the second line of defense?
A group of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body; backup for the first line of defense
58
What is the third line of defense?
Aided by lymphocytes: B cells and T cells; B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow and create antibodies, while T lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland
59
What are T cells?
Helper T cells recognize the antigen and stimulate the action of B cells and other T cells; Killer T cells kill infected cells; Suppressor T cells ensure no normal tissue is destroyed; Memory T cells act quickly if the invader returns
60
What is an antigen?
Identifying chemical markers
61
What are antibodies?
Specific to 1 type of antigen; attach to the antigen and send a chemical signal to the Killer T cells
62
What are memory B cells?
Remember the shape of the antibody and can make them faster if infected
63
What is the ABO system?
An inherited characteristic that classifies human blood types based on the presence or absence of A or B antigens
64
What do antibodies do in blood types?
Act on the invading antigens and cause agglutination, which can be deadly
65
What is the Rh system?
People with Rh- blood do not have Rh antibodies but could develop them; Rh+ people do not have antibodies
66
What are some autoimmune diseases affecting the brain?
Multiple Sclerosis ## Footnote A disease where the immune system attacks the protective sheath covering nerve fibers.
67
What autoimmune disease affects the thyroid?
Hahmala’s Disease ## Footnote A condition where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland.
68
What autoimmune diseases affect the bones and muscles?
Rheumatoid Arthritis ## Footnote A chronic inflammatory disorder affecting joints and surrounding tissues.
69
What autoimmune diseases affect the digestive system?
Celiac’s Disease, Crohn’s Disease, Ulcerative Colitis, Diabetes Type 1 ## Footnote Conditions where the immune system attacks the digestive tract.
70
What autoimmune disease affects the blood?
Leukemia ## Footnote A type of cancer that affects blood-forming tissues.
71
What are allergies?
When your immune system mistakes harmless antigens for harmful invaders. ## Footnote Reactions can be mild (tissue swelling) or severe (anaphylactic shock).
72
What is cellular respiration?
Used to release the energy stored in glucose (released in the form of ATP).
73
What is the function of mitochondria?
Enable cells to extract energy from food (where cellular respiration occurs). ## Footnote Mitochondria are bound by two membranes.
74
What is the matrix in mitochondria?
Fluid-filled space of the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
75
What are cristae?
Folds of the inner membrane to increase the surface area.
76
What are the three ways to release energy?
Aerobic Cellular Respiration, Anaerobic Cellular Respiration, Fermentation.
77
What is aerobic cellular respiration?
Needs oxygen to produce ATP. ## Footnote I.e. humans, mammals, plants, some fungi, and bacteria.
78
What is anaerobic cellular respiration?
Does not require oxygen to produce ATP. ## Footnote I.e. some bacteria, deep ocean dwellers, occur in muscle cells of mammals.
79
What is fermentation?
An anaerobic process. ## Footnote I.e. yeasts.
80
What occurs during aerobic cellular respiration?
An oxidation reaction that breaks down glucose to make energy.
81
What are the four stages of aerobic cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Pyruvate oxidation, Kreb’s cycle, Electron transport and chemiosmosis.
82
Where does glycolysis occur?
In the cytoplasm of a cell.
83
What happens during glycolysis?
Splits the glucose molecule in half, making 2 three-carbon molecules (pyruvate). ## Footnote Uses ATP to start this process, but ATP is also made in this process.
84
What occurs during pyruvate oxidation?
Pyruvate loses a carbon atom in the form of CO2. ## Footnote The remainder bonds to Coenzyme A (CoA) and NAD+ is reduced to NADH.
85
What happens in the Kreb’s cycle?
Acetyl-CoA enters and becomes a 6-carbon molecule, produces CO2 as a byproduct, reduces NAD+ and FAD, generates two ATP molecules.
86
Where is most ATP made during cellular respiration?
In the electron transport stage.
87
Why is oxygen important in cellular respiration?
Final electron acceptor that combines with hydrogen ions to make water. ## Footnote Without oxygen, the electron transport chain stops.
88
What is anaerobic cellular respiration used for?
Used when oxygen is not available and is less efficient than aerobic respiration.
89
What are the two stages of anaerobic cellular respiration?
Glycolysis and Fermentation.
90
What is lactate fermentation?
Used when temporarily without oxygen (e.g. strenuous exercise). ## Footnote Uses NADH to convert pyruvate to lactate.
91
What is ethanol fermentation?
Occurs in yeast (used in wine, beer, bread). ## Footnote Converts pyruvate to ethanol and CO2.
92
What are the three muscle groups?
Cardiac muscle, Skeletal muscle, Smooth muscle.
93
What are the characteristics of smooth muscle cells?
Involuntary, found in digestive tract, iris, blood vessels, long, tapered, arranged in parallel lines, 1 nucleus, don’t fatigue easily.
94
What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle cells?
Heart muscle, doesn’t fatigue, 1 nucleus, involuntary, striated, tubular shape.
95
What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle cells?
Striated, tubular shape, voluntary, multiple nuclei, long cell, do fatigue.
96
What are the functions of skeletal muscles?
Support body posture, move bones and control facial expressions, help maintain body temperature, protect organs and stabilize joints.
97
What is the cooperation of skeletal muscle?
When muscles contract, they shorten and only pull. Antagonistic muscle pairs work together to bend & straighten joints.
98
What is the muscle structure hierarchy?
Muscle -> Muscle-fibre bundle -> Muscle fibre -> Myofibrils -> Myofilaments.
99
What are the two types of myofilaments involved in muscle contractions?
Actin myofilament (thin) and Myosin filament (thick).
100
How do myofilaments contract?
Heads of myosin move first, attached to actin myofilaments, bending back and inward, pulling the actin myofilament.
101
What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?
Calcium is needed to move tropomyosin, allowing myosin heads to bind to actin.
102
What is muscle atrophy?
Occurs when muscles are not used, leading to a reduction in size, tone, and power.
103
What is muscle hypertrophy?
Increase in size of muscle fibers, with an increase in the number of mitochondria.

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