Bio Test 3 Flashcards
(77 cards)
1
Q
Budding
A
- Asexual reproduction process
- Organism develops from bud
- Genetically identical
2
Q
Asexual Reproduction
A
- 1 single parent
- Genetically identical
- Mitosis
3
Q
Sexual Reproduction
A
- 2 parents
- Genetically diverse
4
Q
Chromosome
A
Condensed form of chromatin (histones & DNA) through supercoiling
5
Q
Unreplicated Chromosome
A
Chromosome with just 1 DNA molecule (in the fom of a chromatid)
6
Q
Replicated Chromosome
A
Chromosome with 2 DNA molecules (in the form of sister chromatids) held together by a centromere
7
Q
Sister Chromatids
A
Two DNA molecules (chromatids) w/ same DNA (in a replicated chromosome)
8
Q
Gene
A
Segment of DNA that codes for proteins or functional RNA molecules
9
Q
Gene Locus
A
Location of a specific gene on a chromosome
10
Q
Karyotype
A
Display of someone’s chromosomes (22 chomosome pairs + sex chromosomes)
11
Q
Homologous Chromosomes
A
- Two chromosomes w/ the same genes (but different DNA)
- Usually one paternal and one maternal
- Those chromosomes are alleles
12
Q
Alleles
A
Different versions of the same gene (~1 nucleotide difference)
13
Q
Autosomes
A
Non-sex chromosomes; any of the chromosomes 1-22
14
Q
Gametes
A
- Reproductive cells (sperm + ovum/egg)
- Haploid
- 1/2 regular # of chromosomes
- 23 chromosomes
15
Q
Somatic Cell
A
- Diploid
- 46 chromosomes
16
Q
Genotype
A
Genetic makeup of an individual (compilation of genes)
17
Q
Phenotype
A
Physical and observable characteristics coded for by genes
18
Q
Zygote
A
Fertilized egg
19
Q
Meiosis
A
- Only for sexually-reproducing organisms
- Results in 4 haploid cells
- Consists of Meiosis 1 and 2
20
Q
Prophase I
A
- Nuclear membrane disappears
- Chromosomes become visible
- Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchanging chomosomal segments (“crossing over”)
21
Q
Recombinant Chromatids
A
- Chromatids that exchanged chromosomal segments with homologous chromatid
- Involved in “crossing over”
22
Q
Nonrecombinant Chromatids
A
Chromatids that are not involved in “crossing over”
23
Q
Metaphase I
A
Chromosomes line up in the center/middle of the cell
24
Q
Spindle Fibers
A
Spindle-like structures that grab and align chromosomes
25
Centromere
- Structure involved in holding together chromatids in duplicated chromosomes
- Contains spindle fibers
26
Anaphase I
Homologous chromsomes segregate
27
Telophase I
Cell membrane is pinched (animals)
28
Cytokinesis
Cells completely separated
29
Interkinesis
Pause between stages
30
Cleavage Furrow
The pinch in the cell membrane during telophase/cytokinesis
31
Prophase I vs Prophase II
No crossing over in Prophase II
32
Anaphase I vs Anaphase II
Sister chromatids are pulled apart instead of homologous chromosomes in Anaphase II
33
Telophase I vs Telophase II
Instead of separating into 2 cells, separates into 4
34
Nondisjunction
Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally, resulting in abnormal chromosomal distribution in resulting cells
35
Aneuploidy
Abnormal # of chromosomes per cell
36
Monhybrid Cross
Cross betwen 2 individuals in which you only care about the outcome of 1 gene
37
Dihybrid Cross
Cross betwen 2 individuals in which you only care about the outcome of 2 genes
38
Non-Mendelian/Incomplete Dominance
Dominant allele does not completely show in phenotype (for heterozygous dominant genotype)
39
Pleiotropy
One genotype coding for multiple phenotypes
40
Polygenic Inheritance
One phenotype is determined by multiple genotypes
41
Exactly how long is one strand of DNA?
3 billion base pairs
42
Nucleoside
Nucleotide without phosphate groups
43
Phosphodiester Linkage
Bond between 2 hydroxyl groups in a phosphate group/phosphoric acid (between nucleotide phosphate groups and hydroxyl groups aka 5' 3' ends)
44
Semi-Conservative Model
- Proposed (and accepted) model for DNA replication
- Each DNA strand becomes a template for new DNA strands to compliment
- End up with 2 identical molecules of DNA
- 1 old strand and 1 new strand in each DNA
45
Conservative Model
- Proposed (and not accepted) model for DNA replication
- End up with 2 identical molecules of DNA
- 1 DNA molecule is conserved while the other is completely new
46
Dispersive Model
- Proposed (and not accepted) model for DNA replication
- End up with 2 identical molecules of DNA
- Replicates w/ bits and pieces of old and new in each strand
47
Origin of Replication
Where on the DNA the DNA replication proceses starts; DNA has multiple origins of replication
48
Replication Bubble
Open region of DNA that expands from origin of replication; where DNA replication takes place
49
Replication Fork
1/2 a replication bubble
50
dNTP stands for:
deoxiribnucleotide triphosphate
51
DNA Polymerase 3
- Main DNA replication enzyme
- Can only add nucleotides to a free 3' end
- Only works if dNTPs are present
52
Primer
Short bits of RNA, provide the free 3' OH needed for DNA Polymerase 3
53
Helicase
Enzyme for separating DNA strands
54
Single Strand Binding Proteins (SSBs)
Prevent DNA from recombining
55
Primase
Enzyme that facilitates production of primers
56
Okazaki Fragment
Segments that are part RNA and part DNA (primers + DNA from DNA polymerase expanding the primers)
57
DNA Polymerase 1
Enzyme that removes primers and replaces it with the corresponding nucleotides
58
DNA Ligase
Connects the DNA fragments
59
Leading Strand
- Strand that is produced the fastest
- Produced continuously
- Toward fork
60
Lagging Strand
- Strand that is produced more slowly
- Produced discontinuously
- Away from fork
61
DNA Topoisomerase
"Nicks" (makes a small cut out of) 1 strand of DNA and repairs it
62
Thymine Dimer
Extra bond between 2 adjacent thymines (caused by UV)
63
Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER)
Pathway used by mammals to remove DNA lisions usually formed by UV light
64
Mismatch Repair
Repairing incorrect, deleted, or misincorporated bases that occur during replication process
65
Apoptosis
Cell suicide
66
Transcription
DNA → mRNA
67
Translation
mRNA → Protein
68
Reverse Transcription
mRNA → DNA
69
Reverse Transcriptase
Enzyme that facilitates reverse transcription
70
Eukaryote vs Prokaryote Transcription & Translation
Eukaryote:
- Transcription in nucleus
- Translation in rough ER w/ ribosomes
- 50 nucleotides per second (slower)
Prokaryote:
- Both transcription and translation in cytoplasm
- 500 nucleotides per second (faster)
71
What is the name for mRNA before being processed? (Eukaryote)
- Pre-mRNA
- Primary Transcript
72
What is the name for mRNA after being processed? (Eukaryote)
- Mature mRNA
73
Intron vs Exon
Introns usually do not have info required for proteins
74
Splicing
- Another name for "processing" mRNA
- Removes introns and fuses exons together
- Forms mature mRNA
75
Ribosyme
RNA molecules that are enzymes
76
Spliceosome
Protein and catalytic RNA complex that catalyzes the splicing process
77
Codon
- 3 nucleotides
- Usually codes for 1 amino acid
- Ribosomes read RNA 1 codon at a time
