Bio Test 4

Question 1

Nucleotide added to a growing DNA strand

Answer 1

Nucleoside Triphosphate

Question 2

What catalyzes elongation?

Answer 2

DNA Polymerases

Question 3

What is the rate of elongation (bacteria)?

Answer 3

500 nucleotides/s

Question 4

What is the rate of elongation (humans)?

Answer 4

50 nucleotides/s

Question 5

How long is one DNA strand?

Answer 5

3 billion base pairs

Question 6

dNTP

Answer 6

Deoxiribonucleoside triphosphate

Question 7

What prevents DNA from reannealing/stabilizes DNA?

Answer 7

Single Strand Binding Proteins (SSBs)

Question 8

Enzyme that removes primers and replaces it with the corresponding nucleotides

Answer 8

DNA Polymerase 1

Question 9

Enzyme that connects the DNA fragments

Answer 9

DNA Ligase

Question 10

Strand that goes away from fork

Answer 10

Lagging

Question 11

Strand that goes toward the fork

Answer 11

Leading

Question 12

• “Nicks” (makes a small cut out of) 1 strand of DNA and repairs it; corrects “overwinding”
• Breaks, swivels, and rejoins DNA strands

Answer 12

DNA Topoisomerase

Question 13

In which direction does a DNA strand elongate?

Answer 13

5’ to 3’

Question 14

To cut out and replace damaged stretches of DNA

Answer 14

Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER)

Question 15

Two thymines have an extra bond

Answer 15

Thymine Dimer

Question 16

Repairing incorrect, deleted, or misincorporated bases that occur during replication process, removes a chunk and starts over

Answer 16

Mismatch Repair

Question 17

What is the name for mRNA before being processed? (Eukaryote)

Answer 17

Pre-mRNA, Primary Transcript

Question 18

What is the name for mRNA after being processed? (Eukaryote)

Answer 18

Mature RNA

Question 19

Processing DNA (connect exons, get rid of introns)

Answer 19

Splicing

Question 20

Ribosyme

Answer 20

RNA molecules that are enzymes

Question 21

Spliceosome

Answer 21

Protein and catalytic RNA complex that catalyzes the splicing process

Question 22

Promoter

Answer 22

DNA sequence that RNA Polymerase attaches to

Question 23

Terminator

Answer 23

Sequence that signals end of transcription

Question 24

What part of the DNA is transcribed in RNA transcription?

Answer 24

Transcription Unit

Question 25

Poly-A tail

Answer 25

200 adenines at 3' end found in eukaryotic mRNA

Question 26

Affinity Chromotography

Answer 26

Chromotography for extracting mRNA (column full of T extracts the mRNA which has the poly-A tail)

Question 27

Initiation

Answer 27

- Small unit attaches to promoter - tRNA attaches to codon - Large subunit attaches

Question 28

Elongation

Answer 28

- Codon recognition (w/ anticodons on tRNA) - Peptide bond formation (between amino acids that the tRNAs carry, forms a chain) - Translocation (tRNA naked detaches)

Question 29

Anticodon

Answer 29

Part of tRNA that has the complimentary RNA sequence to the DNA strand sequence

Question 30

Release factor

Answer 30

Binds to stop codon, ribosomal subunits separate and end translation (termination)

Question 31

Polyribosome

Answer 31

Multiple ribosomes reading and translating to make lots of proteins

Question 32

Proprotein

Answer 32

Protein that must be cut to become functional

Question 33

Prokaryote transcription & translation are...

Answer 33

At the same time and in the same place

Question 34

Reading frame

Answer 34

Reads one codon at a time

Question 35

Silent Mutation

Answer 35

No change to protein (the nucleotide sequences result in the same amino acid)

Question 36

Missense Mutation

Answer 36

Wrong amino acid due to different nucleotide sequence (codon)

Question 37

Nonsense Mutation

Answer 37

Leads to an early stop codon

Question 38

Read Through

Answer 38

A mutation on a stop codon, which changes the codon and prevents the translation from ending (reads through the poly-A tail)

Question 39

Frameshift Mutation

Answer 39

Insertion or deletion of a nucleotide

Question 40

Point Mutation

Answer 40

Mutation at a single nucleotide

Question 41

Fillial

Answer 41

Generations after parent: P → F1 → F2

Question 42

Genes expressed 24/7 are called...

Answer 42

Constitutive/Housekeeping Genes

Question 43

Genes expressed only in the presence of a stimulus

Answer 43

Induced Genes

Question 44

Genes that are turned off in the presence of a stimulus

Answer 44

Repressible Genes

Question 45

Protease

Answer 45

Protein hydrolysis enzyme

Question 46

Operon

Answer 46

Coordinated unit of gene expression

Question 47

Regulatory Gene

Answer 47

Produces repressors that can interact with the operator

Question 48

Promoter

Answer 48

Where RNA polymerase bonds to

Question 49

Operator

Answer 49

on/off switch

Question 50

Structural Gene

Answer 50

Genes that are translated

Question 51

Inactive Repression

Answer 51

Repressor cannot bind to operator