Bio Unit 3 Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
What are the names of two scientist who revolutionized the ideas about earth in the 18th and 19th century
A
James Hutton
Sir Charles Lyell
2
Q
what did these two scientists challenge
A
The notion that earth was stagnant
3
Q
Who speculated 100 years before even darwin about the idea the species change over time
A
George Buffin
4
Q
What did Jean Baptiste Lamarack propose about the environment and species (3)
A
- species can acquire traits by interacting with the environment
- they establish a need to change
- they pass those changes onto the next generation
5
Q
Who wrote the essay on the Principal of Population
A
Thomas Malthus
6
Q
What did the Essay state
A
populations will grow at an unchecked rate unless limited by subsistence or the environment
7
Q
What is the theory of natural selection
A
favourable traits that help organisms survive become more common in successive generations.
8
Q
who was Charles Darwin
A
A naturalist who studied at Cambridge
9
Q
Who was Reverend John Henslow
A
a friend of darwin’s the captain of HMS Beagle
10
Q
What did Darwin do on the 5 year voyage
A
collected 1000s of specimens of plants, minerals, rocks and others.
11
Q
What did he find on the mainland
A
he found fossils of extinct organisms that resembled modern ones
12
Q
What he find on the Galapagos islands
A
Darwin also travelled to the Galapagos Islands where he found unique species of animals and plants, not found on the mainland. Darwin travelled from island to island finding species of tortoise, finches and plants that were similar to each other yet distinct to the particular island.
13
Q
What did he do when he got back to England
A
he spent years studying specimens and made interesting conclusions
14
Q
Define evolution (2)
A
- Evolution is the study of how inherited traits of a population change over time.
- Darwin proposed that species change over time through a process called natural selection.
15
Q
What did darwin conclude (5)
A
- organisms evolve over time;
- all organisms come from a common ancestry;
- change occurs gradually;
- species multiply and evolve into new species;
- surviving organisms have traits adaptive to their environment and pass those characteristics on to the next generation.
16
Q
Define fossil record
A
A term used by paleontologists to refer to the total number of fossils that have been discovered, as well as to the information derived from them.
17
Q
Define carbon dating
A
Is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon.
18
Q
Define vestigial structures
A
A structure in an organism that has lost all or most of its original function in the course of evolution, such as human appendixes.
19
Q
define biochemistry
A
The study of the chemical substances and vital processes occurring in living organisms.
20
Q
You get stranded on an island
3
A
- individuals may get sick
- individuals may get injured
- inclement weather –storms, hurricanes, tidal waves
21
Q
How would u overcome these challenges (3)
A
- individuals who have the immunity to the illness (if it is an infection) will survive
- an individual whose wounds can heal and overcome any infections will survive
- individuals who can swim, or not get sick or find shelter will survive
22
Q
Define natural selection
A
process by which species adapt to their environment
23
Q
What are the 3 principles of natural selection
A
- process by which species adapt to their environment
- individuals of the same species compete with each other for survival
- individuals who survive can go on to produce more offspring and the favourable characteristics of these individuals are passed on to their offspring, so these favourable characteristics become more common in the next generation
24
Q
What is being the fittest mean
A
The best chance for reproductive success
25
What happens in conclusion to the island situation.
the fittest individuals survive to produce the most offspring and thus there is natural selection for the island environment.
26
Define adaptation
particular characteristic of an organism that allows them to survive in an environment and eventually reproduce.
27
Define Phylogeny
Phylogeny is a branch of biology that studies how species are related through common ancestry.
28
What is reproductive isolation
- This is anything that prevents individuals of different species from reproducing.
- This creates organisms that evolve differently
29
define ecological isolation
organisms occupy different habitats and do not reproduce
30
define temporal isolation
organisms mate at different times of the day of different seasons
31
define behavioural isolation
organisms have different mating rituals and do not respond to one another
32
define mechanical isolation
organisms have structural differences so they can not physically copulate
33
define gamete isolation
gametes do not fertilize due to the inability to recognize markers on the other gamete
34
define niche
The specific area where an organism inhabits.
35
define mutation
the process in which such a change occurs in a gene or in a chromosome.
36
define mimicry
protective resemblance; the resemblance which certain animals and plants exhibit to other animals and plants or to the natural objects among which they live
37
define allopatric speciation
A speciation in which biological populations are physically isolated by an extrinsic barrier and evolve intrinsic (genetic) reproductive isolation, such that if the barrier breaks down, individuals of the population can no longer interbreed.
38
define sympatric speciation
A speciation in which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region.
39
what are post zygotic isolating mechanisms
postzygotic isolation prevents the formation of fertile offspring
40
define gamete incompatibility
Sperm transfer takes place, but egg is not fertilized.
41
define zygotic mortality
Egg is fertilized, but zygote does not develop.
42
define hybrid inviability
Hybrid embryo forms, but of reduced viability.
43
define hybrid sterility
Hybrid is viable, but resulting adult is sterile.
44
define hybrid breakdown
First generation (F1) hybrids are viable and fertile, but further hybrid generations (F2 and backcrosses) may be inviable or sterile.
45
define adaption
The adjustment or changes in behavior, physiology, and structure of an organism to become more suited to an environment.
46
define speciation
The process in which new genetically distinct species evolve usually as a result of genetic isolation from the main population.
47
how are alleles created
random mutations in the DNA
48
what species is an example of variation (4)
- mollusc, Donax variabilis.
- Within this species there is variability in the phenotype of the shells.
- This variability likely originated from point mutations in the DNA of these molluscs.
- if you graphed the phenotypes you would see normal distribution
49
define phenotypic plasticity
the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to different environmental conditions
50
how does phenotypic plasticity affect the wheels from above (2)
- Changes in the conditions may cause one type of shell colouration to be favoured over another.
- Thus the shape of the normal distribution curve might shift to the right or left, or even split in the middle.
51
what are is the hardy-weinburg principle
they showed that there was a mathematical relationship between two alleles in a population and that the allele frequencies would not change from generation to generation unless there are disruptive influences.
52
who came up withe hardy weinburg principle
Reginald Punnett, two mathematicians, Godfrey Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg, came up with a solution to identify the frequency of each allele in a population.
53
when does the hardy-weinburg principle hold true
- populations are large;
- there are equal opportunities for mating;
- no migration occurs;
- no mutations occur;
- no natural selection, but equal opportunity for all.
54
what happens under these conditions
Under these conditions a given gene pool remains the same from generation to generation. This does not allow for much evolutionary change.
55
When does the hardy-weinburg principle not apply (4)
gene flow/migration
genetic drift
Mutation
natural selection
56
define genetic drift drift
The process of change in the genetic composition of a population due to chance or random events rather than by natural selection, resulting in changes in allele frequencies over time.
57
define founders effect
shift in allelic frequency due to creation of a new isolated population
58
define bottleneck effect
a sharp lowering of a populations gene pool because of an environmental or human-caused change
59
define gene flow/migration
When organisms migrate from one population to another, this can alter the frequency of alleles in both populations.
60
when else is gene flow effected
Gene flow can also occur when individuals from two populations mate without moving. When this occurs, gene flow can make populations more similar.
61
define mutations
Mutations allow for new alleles to be formed. Mutations can be beneficial and allow organisms to adapt to change.
62
give 3 example of mutations
point mutations
translocations
inversions
63
what has to happen before natural selection can take place
Before natural selection can occur, there needs to be variation in a population’s gene pool. Variation means that there are multiple alleles in a population.
64
define natural selection
A process in nature in which organisms possessing certain genotypic characteristics that make them better adjusted to an environment tend to survive, reproduce, increase in number or frequency, and therefore, are able to transmit and perpetuate their essential genotypic qualities to succeeding generations
65
define polyploid
an organism or cell having more than twice the haploid number of chromosomes
66
Explain why negative or harmful mutations have no role in the evolution of a population.
Because the organism die before they can reproduce
67
How do pseudogenes offer evidence in support of evolution?
Pseudogenes are genes that don’t work anymore, but that are still found in the genome. For instance humans have a pseudogene for synthesizing vitamin C, but since it doesn’t work we have to get our vitamin C in our diet.
Why would a creator make a flawed gene and why would chimps and dogs have the same been suggesting we come from common ancestry
68
define altrustic
showing a disinterested and selfless concern for the well-being of others; unselfish.
69
define kinship
relationship by marriage or, specifically, a blood tie. The relation of organisms due to a common ancestral relation.
70
Explain how altruism and cooperation are not contrary to evolution.
For a species to be successful, it has to produce offspring. There are many ways of doing this within the natural world.
In many species, a degree of cooperation helps individuals to protect each other, and especially to protect the offspring.
Ex. Herd animals can resist predators by their sheer numbers.
71
Summarize natural selection (3)
- natural selection works on populations to favour individuals that are better suited to changes in the environment
- natural selection works over time to improve the fitness of a population
- natural selection makes organisms better suited to their environment
72
What happened to the peppered moths and black moths before and after the industrial revolution?
Before: They pepper moths blended in with the trees so the birds wouldn’t eat them but instead the black moths.
After: The trees turned black from all the pollution so the black moths now blended in and the peppered moths were getting eaten.
73
What happened to the bacteria before the antibiotics and after the antibiotics?
Before: There were some restraint bacteria and more susceptible bacteria.
After: As time went on the bacteria was reduced to nothing as long as the prescription was perfectly followed.
74
how do bacteria become restraint (2)
- by a genetic mutation or
| - by acquiring resistance from another bacterium.
75
define sexual selection
favours the selection of any trait that affects mating success. This is especially the case when male and female members of the species show clear differences in their phenotypes.
Ex. Peacocks, lions
76
define artifical selection
This type of selection is directed by humans and these organisms are intentionally bred for specific traits. Artificial selection has been practiced for years by breeders, and farmers.
Ex. arabian horse
77
define stabilizing selection
This type of selection favours the most common phenotypes in the population.
Ex. hummingbirds with average bills
78
define direction selection
Here the environment favours individuals with more extreme phenotypes of a particular trait. Ex. hummingbird with long bill
79
define disruptive selection
Here the environment favours both opposite extremes of a trait.
Ex. hummingbird, both long and short billed birds are selected for
80
Which of the following is considered a vestigial organ
appendix
81
Which type of selection is occurring when the average phenotype is selected for and extreme phenotypes are selected against?
stabilizing
82
Which of the following is a type of genetic drift?
bottle neck
83
t OR f: Lamerick came up with the theroy of acquired characteristics
t
84
t or f: When new species are formed this is called natural selection
f
85
t or f: Darwin outline the theory of evolution in the Origin of Species
t
86
t or f homologous structures are structures with the same function
f
87
t or f Extinction is always do to lack of variation
f
88
t or f Organisms that undergo mechanical isolation are separated by distance
f
89
What are four mechanisms of evolution?
mechanical isolation
habitat isolation
gamete isolation
temporal isolation
90
Define macro
means to have a broader perspective
91
define micro
means to have more of a close up perspective.
92
define microevolution
refers to the change in frequency of alleles in a population resulting from genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection, or mutation. Microevolution is the change of a population on a small scale.
93
define macroevolution
refers to evolutionary change at or above the species level.
-this and that a totally new species forms (speciation) or that species can change into another species (cladogenesis) over time.
94
define phylogeny
is the study of the evolutionary relations between species.
95
define cladogram
hierarchical classification of a species based on ancestry
96
define taxonomy
Taxonomy refers to the organization and classification of things in a hierarchical structure
97
who came up with this
Carolus Linnaeus
98
How many things do all living things fall under
3
99
what are the three main domains
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucaryota.
100
Within these three domains there are six kingdoms what are they
Animalia, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, and Plantae
101
what are the six kingdoms further divided into
Phyla:
| classes, orders, families, genus, and then species.
102
what is the two part name given to every species
dichotomous
103
What are humans called
Homo sapiens
104
what is the name split into
Genus name is first
| Sapiens is the second name
105
Review macroevolution
evolution that creates new species or changes species
106
review microevolution
the change within species that results in new allele frequencies
107
what is the theory of gradualism
Evolution is proposed to have taken billions of years. It was first thought to have occurred gradually over time as one species evolved from another, generating the diversity seen today. This is called the
108
what are the concerns with the theory of gradualism
one concern with this theory was that if evolution occurred gradually, there should be fossils of transitional forms of the various species alive today. However, there are gaps in the fossil records with no gradual form changes, which would suggest that this may not be how evolution occurs.
109
Who came up with the theory of punctuated equilibrium
Niles Edredge
| Stephen Jay Gould
110
what does the theory of punctuated equilibrium (4)
* speciation occurs in isolated populations so transitional forms are hard to find;
* speciation occurs rapidly;
* speciation occurs in bursts;
* bottlenecks, founder effects, directional selection are the driving forces.
111
Identify each of the following as an example of macroevolution or microevolution. Tell if it supports the theory gradualism or punctuated equilibrium. 1.The Cambrian explosion (a period of rapid evolutionary change where many complex organisms evolved).
The Cambrian explosion is an example of macroevolution and in particular punctuated equilibrium.
112
Identify each of the following as an example of macroevolution or microevolution. Tell if it supports the theory gradualism or punctuated equilibrium.The evolutionary change of animals and terrestrial plants.
This is an example of macroevolution and in particular gradualism because it gives no specifics to any sort of sudden changes.
113
Identify each of the following as an example of macroevolution or microevolution. Tell if it supports the theory gradualism or punctuated equilibrium. Beetles with a green sheen are more prevalent than beetles with a black sheen.
This is microevolution where it is a change with the appearance of a particular phenotype.
114
Name 3 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic
```
Prokaryotic:
- absent nucleous
- size 1-10un
- found in bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotic:
- present nucleous
- size 10-100un
- found in plants and animals
```
115
Which cells were thought to evolve first?
Prokaryotes were the only form of life on Earth for millions of years until more complicated eukaryotic cells came into being through the process of evolution.
116
define divergent evolution
the accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species
117
define convergent evolution
the process whereby organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches
118
define adaptive radiation
the diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches.
119
What was the Cambrian explosian
The rapid diversification of multicellular animal life around the beginning of the Cambrian Period, resulting in the appearance of almost all modern animal phyla.
120
Homologous traits and give 3 examples
```
Similar structure
Similar origin
Different function
Human hand
Dolphin flipper
Bat wing
```
121
Analogous and give 2 examples
```
Similar structure
Different orgin
Similar function
Insect wing
Bird wing
```
122
What is the hardy Weinberg principle used for
To predict gene frequinces
123
Define gene frequinces
The g= yellow pod the G= green pod
124
Define Allele frequinces
How many g and G there are in a population
125
Define comparative embryology
The branch of embryology that compares and contrasts embryos of different species it is used to show how all animals are related
126
Define antomy
The study of the structure of relationship between body parts
127
Define physiology
The study of the function of the body parts as a whole
128
Define homologous structures
Structures that are shared by related species that have been inherited from a common ancestor
129
Define analogous structures
Body parts that share a common function but not structure
