BIO103 Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
What are the most pressing problems facing Leadbeater’s Possum?
A
- Clearfell logging
- fire
- loss of large old trees
2
Q
What were the two perspectives on the causes of Crown of thorns in the GBR?
A
- Anthropogenic: Over-fishing of predators, higher nutrient input into water, rising temp from climate change
- Natural causes: They change habitat over time due to natural causes.
3
Q
Three central concepts of the cell theory?
A
- Cells are the fundamental units of life
- All organisms are made up of one or more cells
- Cells can only arise from the division of other cells
4
Q
Characteristics of Prokaryotic cells
A
-No true nucleus
-No membrane-bound organelles (Very few exceptions)
-Smaller than eukaryotic
-Bacteria and blue-green algae
5
Q
Characteristics of Eukaryotic cells
A
-Distinct nucleus & membrane with genetic material on paired chromosomes
-Other organelles bounded by membranes, increasing surface area & forming compartments
-Make up Most organisms
6
Q
Difference between plant and animal cells?
A
- Plant cells are autotrophic (Produce own food) where animal cells are heterotrophic (Consume other organisms for food)
- Plants have a ridged cell wall, where animal cells have no cell wall
- Plant cells have one large vacuole for storage where animal cells have multiple small ones
7
Q
Difference between mitosis and meiosis?
A
- Mitosis: Occurs in normal growth and healing, produces two cells with same number of chromosomes as parent (Diploid)
- Meiosis: Reproduction, produces 4 new cells called gametes, each with half the chromosome number as the parent (Haploid)
8
Q
Inputs and outputs of Photosynthesis
A
Inputs: CO2 and H2O
(Add Solar energy)
Outputs: Simple organic compounds, O2
9
Q
Inputs and Outputs of Respiration (Plants)
A
Inputs: Glucose and Stored energy
Outputs: Co2
10
Q
Difference between homologous and analogous characters
A
Homologous: arisen from a common ancestral structure which may now have a different function
Analogous: Have a similar function due to convergence but are not related.
11
Q
Evidence of Biological evolution
A
- Fossil record: Old earth, Changes over time
- Comparative anatomy: organisms that are related show strong similarities in anatomy
- Biogeography: Shifting of the earth gives reason aligning with changes in organisms
12
Q
Difference between stabilising, disruptive and directional selection
A
Stabilising: Favour most prominent and quantitative trait
Disruptive: Favour certain trait that is not prominent.
Directional: Favours a mixture of traits
13
Q
Allopatric and Sympatric speciation
A
Allopatric: Geographic barriers separate populations (followed by evolutionary change
Sympatric: New species arises without isolation
14
Q
Why do we classify organisms?
A
- Communication
- Information
- Groups similar things together
15
Q
Advantages of classification based on evolutionary relationships
A
- Can see which organisms are closely related
- Show direction of advancements (or derivations)
16
Q
The Three domains
A
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya
17
Q
The Six kingdoms & Some characteristics
A
- Bacteria: Unicellular, prokaryotic
- Archaea: Unicellular, prokaryotic
- Protista: Unicellular & Multicellular, Eukaryotic
- Fungi: Multicellular, Eukaryotic
- Plantae: Multicellular, Eukaryotic
- Animalia: Multicellular, Eukaryotic
18
Q
What is the scientific method?
A
- Control
- Replicate
- Independent variable
- Dependent variable
19
Q
Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
A
Prokaryotes- Bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotes- Animals & plants
20
Q
Bacteria vs archaea
A
Bacteria- Sing-celled, Huge diversity, enormous abundance.
Archaea- Range of forms, many adapted to extreme environments
21
Q
Two Methods of Prokaryote reproduction
A
- Binary fission: Division into two identical offspring
- Genetic exchange (3 ways)
- Transformation
- Conjugation
- Transduction
22
Q
three ways prokaryotes genetically exchange
A
Transformation
Conjugation
Transduction
23
Q
What is a virus
A
Small infection particles surrounded by protein shell, composed of mainly proteins and nucleic acids, don’t have cell walls.
24
Q
Three types of protista
A
- Animal-like
- Fungi-like
- Plant-like
25
Characteristics of Animal-like Protista
Symbionts (feeding relationship with other organisms) or free-living protozoans. they lack mitochondria
- e.g. Giardia (Archaezoa)
26
Characteristics of Fungi-like protista
Heterotrophic (Eat other organisms), Both unicellular & Multicellular life stages, Include slime Moulds and dieback
27
Characteristics of Plant-like protists
Autotrophs: pigments absorb light in chloroplasts, photosynthesis, Unicellular & multicellular, e.g. Dinoflagellates
28
Three nutritional groups of fungi
Saprophytes
Parasites
Symbionts
29
Saprophytes (fungi)
Grow and feeds on dead organic materials (Ones out of trees)
30
Parasites (fungi)
Grow on / in live host & hurt host (Plant and animal pathogens)
31
Symbionts (fungi)
Grow in beneficial intimate association with another type of organism
32
Three major groups of non-flowering plants
- Mosses
- Ferns
- Gymnosperms
33
Features consistent across all plants
- Photosynthetic
- Cell walls made of cellulose
- Multicellular
- Specialised tissues & organs
- Alternation of generations
34
Two main obstacles Plants must overcome to survive on land
- Water
- Support
35
What is a diploid
Nucleus containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
36
What is a haploid
Nucleus having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
37
Gamete?
A sex cell; a haploid (n) egg or sperm cell
38
Fertilisation?
The union of two gametes of the opposite sex (fertilisation) produce a diploid (2n) Zygote.
39
First land plants?
Liverworts, Mosses and ferns
Bryophytes: Mosses and Liverworts
40
Bryophytes? and What is their prefered environment
Mosses and Liverworts
Mosses must grow in moist environments- the gametophyte is the dominant form
41
Gametophyte?
A sex organ where Gametes are produced (halpoid) through mitosis
42
Sporophyte?
Diploid phase that produces through meiosis.
43
Main points in life cycle of a moss
- Gametophyte is dominant in life cycle
- Sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte and is attached
- Dispersal by haploid spores (n)
- sperm requires a thin film of water to swim to the egg
- Grow in moist environments
44
Main points in life cycle of a fern
- Sporophyte- Dominant in the life cycle
- Gametophyte- small, survives in wet places
- Long-distance transport system (xylem for water & mineral nutrients; phloem for photosynthates)
45
Main points in life cycle of gynosperms
- Naked seeds
- Sporophyte dominant
- Male gametophytes = pollen grain
- Female gametophytes (ovule) remains attached to sporophyte (in cone)
- Embryo protected in seeds
- Seeds exposed in cones
46
2 divisions of flowering plants
- Monocotyledons (only primary growth)
- Dicotyledons (primary and secondary growth)
47
Xylem in regards to water uptake for plants
Is a pipe network for water to travel through
48
How does water enter plants
- Water enters root hairs through osmosis
- A force is generated by transpiration
- This creates tension in xylem water column
- Water column is pulled up the tree
49
Water column does not break in plants due to
- Adhesion (Water molecules stick to the sides of the thin xylem pipes)
-Cohesion (Water molecules stick to each other)
50
How plants absorb minerals
- Minerals enter freely- mostly through root hairs
- Minerals enter by diffusion but can also enter against their concentration gradient, by active transport
- Mycorrhizal fungi also transport minerals
51
Main functions of flowers in plants
Reproduction
52
Four different whorls of organs in a flower
- Petal
- Sepal
- Stamens
- Carpels
53
Stamens?
Male reproductive organs in flowers
54
Carpels?
Female reproductive organs in flowers
55
Stamen basic features
- Anther + filament= stamen
- Meiosis in another followed by mitosis produces pollen(gametophyte)-> then pollen released for vectoring to stigma.
56
Carpel basic structures
Stigma + style + ovary= carpel
- Meiosis in ovary followed by mitosis produces ovule(gametophyte)
- Ovule fertilised following pollination.
57
What Female organ in plants catch pollen?
Stigma
58
What is the reproductive reason plants have fruit?
Fruit works as an ovary wall to protect the developing seed
59
Ways animals help in plant reproduction
- Dispersal of pollen= pollination vectors
- Inviting fruit or oddly shaped seeds lead to; dispersal of seeds.
60
Angiosperm?
Flowering plant
61
Common aspects of all animals
- Multicellular
- Motile
- Heterotrophic
- Arise from embryos
- Produce gametes from multicellular gonads
62
Problems for animal life
All animals must;
- Get food
- Get oxygen
- Keep water balance
- Remove metabolic wastes
- Reproduce
63
Three major environments for animals
- marine
- Terrestrial
- Freshwater
64
Characteristics of marine environment
- Most stable
- Buoyancy is good
- Isotonic to body
- Nitrogenous wastes as ammonia
- Ideal for reproduction:
External fertilisation and development & larvae common.
65
Freshwater environment characteristics
- Turbidity, velocity and volume vary in space and time
- Oxygen varies
- Buoyancy good
- Reproduction: retain eggs, larvae rare
66
Terrestrial environment
- No significant buoyancy
- Water loss
- Fertilization often internal, larvae rare (insects)
67
How do animals overcome water-loss in terrestrial environments
- Resistant covering (keeping cool, reducing water loss)
- Internal respiratory surfaces
- Metabolic wastes excreted as urea or uric acid.
68
Bilaterally symmetrical animals characteristics
- Free-moving
- Bilateral with head
- Fast ones predatory
- Slow ones detrivors or herbivores
69
Radially symmetrical animals
- Sessile (attached)
- Radial
- Good primary defences
- May trap passing prey, eat substrate, or filter food
70
What must endoparasites do?
- Reproduce in host
- Get eggs out of host
- Find new host
- Not kill host before the parasite reproduces
71
Animal size formula
Volume = Length cubed by surface area= Length squared
- SA:V (ratio falls as length increases)
72
Difference in adaptions for surface area between small & large animals
Small: use diffusion for gas exchange, Excretion and transportation
Large: Have coeloms and blood vascular systems and fold and coil their viscera to fit compactly into the budy
73
How many phyla of animals?
40
74
Nine phyla of animals covered in this unit
- Porifera
- Cnidaria
- Platyhelminthes
- Mollusca
- Annelida
- Nematoda
- Arthropoda
- Echinodermata
- Chordata
75
Difference between vertebrates and invertebrates
Invertebrates don't have a backbone where vertebrates do.
76
Kingdom Monera- Blue green algae Autotroph Diversity table
Prokaryotic
Autotrophic
Single celled and colonial
All 3 environments
No gametes
No: ovary, seed, pollination, double fertilisation, leaves, xylem & phloem
77
Kingdom Protista- Red algae
Autotroph Diversity table
Eukaryotic
Autotrophic
Most multicellular
Marine
Various attachments at base
Produce gametes
Gamete transfer requires water
Often sporophyte
No: ovary, seed, pollination, double fertilisation, leaves, xylem & phloem
78
Kingdom protista- brown algae
Autotroph Diversity table
Eukaryotic
Autotroph
Multicellular
Freshwater and marine
Holdfast attached to base
Gametes produces
Gamete transfer requires water
Sometimes sporophyte sometimes neither
No: ovary, seed, pollination, double fertilisation, leaves, xylem & phloem
79
Kingdom protista- Green algae
Autotroph Diversity table
Eukaryotic
Autotrophic
Multicellular, single celled and colonial
All environments
Some attached to base
Gametes produced
May be sporophyte or gametophyte
Gametes transfer requires water
No: ovary, seed, pollination, double fertilisation, leaves, xylem & phloem
80
Kingdom plantae- Liverworts
Autotroph Diversity table
Eukaryotic
Autotroph
Multicellular
Terrestrial
Rhizoid attaches to base
Produce gametes
Gametophyte
Gamete transfer requires water
No: ovary, seed, pollination, double fertilisation, leaves, xylem & phloem
81
Kingdom plantae- Mosses
Autotroph Diversity table
Eukaryotic
Autotrophic
Multicellular
Terrestrial
Attached to base through Rhizoid
Gametes are produced
Gametophyte
Gamete transfer requires water
No: ovary, seed, pollination, double fertilisation, leaves, xylem & phloem
82
Kingdom plantae- Ferns
Autotroph Diversity table
Eukaryotic
Autotroph
Multicellular
Terrestrial
Roots and rhizomes attach to base
Gametes are produced
Gamete transfer requires water
Sporophyte
Xylem and phloem
Leaves
No: Pollination, Seeds, ovary, double fertilisation,
83
Kingdom plantae- Conifers
Autotroph Diversity table
Eukaryotic
Autotroph
Multicellular
Terrestrial
Roots attach base
Gametes
Gamete transfer does not require water
Sporophyte
Xylem and phloem
Leaves
Pollination
Seeds
No: ovary or double fertilisation
84
Kingdom plantae- Flowering plants
Autotroph Diversity table
Eukaryotic
Autotrophic
Multicellular
All three environments (mainly terrestrial)
Roots
Gametes
Gamete transfer does not require water
Sporophyte
Yes: Xylem and phloem, leaves, Pollination, Seeds, Ovary, Double fertilisation.
85
Xylem?
a type of plant tissue responsible for transporting water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant, while also providing mechanical support
86
Phloem?
the vascular tissue in plants which conducts sugars and other metabolic products downwards from the leaves.
87
Phylum Proifera (sponges)
Invertebrate diversity table
Multicellular
No symmetry
No gut, cells engulf particles
Skeleton of spicules and protein fibres
Sexual reproduction
No: Nervous system, Excretory system, Circulatory system, Respiratory system
Marine and fresh water habitat
88
Phylum Cnidaria (Jellyfish)
Invertebrate diversity table
Multicellular
Radial symmetry
Stinging tentacles and gut with one opening
Hydrostatic skeleton
No: respiratory system, circulatory system, excretory system
Have a nerve net
Reproduce sexually
Marine and freshwater habitats
89
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworm)
Invertebrate diversity table
Multicellular
Bilateral symmetry
Gut with one opening and muscular pharynx
Use Cilia to creep
No: Respiratory system, circulatory system
Diffusion into gut
Sexual reproduction
Nerve net
Marine, freshwater, terrestrial.
90
Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
Invertebrate diversity table
Multicellular
Bilateral symmetry
Gut with two openings
Hydroskeleton
Diffusion across body
Closed vascular system
Sexual reproduction
Brain and ventral nerve
All three environments as habitats
91
Phylum mollusca (molluscs)
Invertebrate diversity table
Multicellular
Bilateral symmetry
Gut with two openings
Hydroskeleton
Has gills
Open vascular system
Metanephridia for excretion
Sexual reproduction
Brain
All three environments as habitats
92
Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms)
Invertebrate diversity table
Multicellular
Bilateral symmetry
Gut with two openings
Hydrostatic skeleton
Diffusion across body
Pseudocoelom (circulatory)
Poorly known excretory
Sexual reproduction
Nerve ring
All three environments
93
Phylum Arthropoda (arthropods)
Invertebrate diversity table
Multicellular
Bilateral
Gut with two openings
Exoskeleton
Gills, tracheal tubes
Open vascular system
Diffusion in excretory
Sexual reproduction
Brain
All three environments habitat
94
Phylum Echinodermata (Echinoderms)
Invertebrate diversity table
Multicellular
Radially symmetrical
Gut with two openings
Endoskeleton
Diffusions over body
Coelom for circulatory
Diffusion for excretory
Sexual reproduction
Nerve ring
Marine environment
95
Class Agnatha (Jawless fish)
Vertebrate diversity table
Suction mouth cup (feeding)
Slimy body covering
Gills for respiratory system
Cartilage skeleton (no vertebral column)
Unpaired fins
2 heart chambers
External ferilisation
Ectotherm
Undergo's Metamorphosis
(Lamprey)
96
Class Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous fish)
Vertebrate diversity table
Jaw with teeth
Sandpaper like skin
Gills
Bone
Paired fins
2 heart chambers
Internal fertilisation
Ectotherm
No metomorphosis
(shark)
97
Class Osteichthyes (bony fish)
Vertebrate diversity table
Jaws with teeth
Gills
Scales
Bone
Paired fins
2 heart chambers
Mainly external fertilisation
Ecotherm
Metamorphosis
(salmon)
98
Class Amphibia (Amphibians)
Vertebrate diversity tables
Jaws Simple teeth
Smooth moist skin
Gills as larvae, lungs as adults
Bone and cartilage
Two pairs of limbs (adult)
Tails (larvae)
3 heart chambers
External fertilisation in freshwater
Ectotherm
Metamorphosis
(Frog)
99
Class Reptilia- (Reptiles)
Vertebrate diversity table
Jaws, simple teeth
Scales
Lungs
Bone and cartilage
Two pairs of walking legs
3 (4 in crocodilians) heart chambers
Internal fertilisation
Ectotherm
No metamorphosis
(snake)
100
Class aves- (birds)
Vertebrate diversity table
Beak of keratin
feathers
Lungs
Bones (hollow)
One pair wings
One pair legs
4 heart chambers
Internal fertilisation
Endotherm
No metamorphosis
(honey eater)
101
Class mammalia- (mammals)
Vertebrate diversity table
Jaws, Complex teeth
Hair
Lungs
Bone & cartilage
Two pairs walking legs
4 hearth chambers
Internal fertilisation
Endotherm
No metamorphosis
(kangaroo)
102
What defines a population
A group of interbreeding individuals of the same species
Individuals can be difficult to recognize- think of genets and ramets in plants
May be closed (no migration) or open (migration possible)
Easiest to study in restricted areas
103
What defines a community?
Communities are assemblages of populations of different species interacting together
Each species has a niche – its aggregate role in using living and non-living resources
Fundamental niche – where a species can survive and reproduce
Realised niche – the niche where a species is restricted by interactions with others.
104
What percentage of energy remains in each stage of nutrient cycling?
10%
105
Three main types of predation
- Carnivory
- Herbivory
- Parasitism
106
Why are predators important?
-Energy flow and nutrient cycling
-ecosystem structure
-a force of natural selection
107
Trophogenic (euphotic) zone?
the upper layer of a body of water where sufficient sunlight penetrates to support photosynthesis
108
Tropholytic (profundal) zone?
-Also known as the decomposition zone,
-more organic matter consumed than formed
109
River continuum concept?
Top; middle; and bottom (Different characteristics such as flow strength determines activity and life forms in the three different areas)
110
Food chains (both lentic and lotic)
Grazing food chain: Autotroph (algae) -> Herbivores -> Carnivores
Detrital food chain: Dead material (plant or animal) -> Detritivore (organisms that eat non-living plant and animal remains) -> Carnivore
111
Lentic vs Lotic
Lentic: Low energy, depositional.
Lotic: High energy, Erosional.
112
Supralittoral zone
the area above the high-tide mark on a rocky shore that is regularly splashed by waves but not submerged by the sea
113
eulittoral zone
the coastal area that lies between the high and low tide lines
114
Sublittoral zone
the part of the ocean that extends below the intertidal zone and is continuously submerged by water, typically to a depth of about 200 meters or the edge of the continental shelf
115
Phytoplankton
Phytoplankton are the autotrophic components of the plankton community and a key part of ocean and freshwater ecosystems
116
Zooplankton
Zooplankton are the heterotrophic component of the planktonic community
117
Mangrove
a tree or shrub which grows in tidal, chiefly tropical, coastal swamps, having numerous tangled roots that grow above ground and form dense thickets.
118
Countercurrent exchange systems
Part of the reason Arctic marine mammals stay warm: Counter-current circulatory system
Same counter- current system In duck feet and dolphin fins
Counter-current exchange is to retain heat: a circulatory adaption that relies on transfer of heat from high to low.
Counter-current in respiration: air can hold 33 times more oxygen than water, so marine organisms have to be much more efficient breathers than terrestrial animals
119
First fish on land?
Tiktaalik
120
Habitat of the leadbeater's possum
Mountain Ash forests (Eucalyptus regnans)
- 120< year old trees that form cavities
121
What type of forest conservation intersection on the leadbeater's possum paper?
Intersection between forest restoration principles and the general principles for forest biodiversity
122
Relationship between small and large actions in conservation
One usually positivesly effects the other
123
Goals of the leadbeater's possum conservation paper
- Conserve existing populations
- Increase populations
- Restore key ecosystem processes that drive structure and cover of old growth forest.
124
What are the main causes of disturbance of Mountain ash
Wild fire and logging
(logging also is selective of large old trees & younger trees cannot support leadbeater possums)
- 99% of mountain ash now <74 years old
125
Solutions for the leadbeater possum
- Expand large ecological reserves
- Eliminate logging and reduce wildfires
- More research into area
126
Two natural perspectives on COT outbreak and why they were debunked
- Sediment record of previous peaks in their activity: when sediment records were standardised by age it shows minimal previous peaks compared to 1962 onwards
- Scar record shows previous COT eating of coral: Has increased more frequently over last decade than ever before
127
Four anthropogenic reasons for COT outbreak
- Predator removal
- Changes in predator structures due to pesticide pollution
- Destruction of larval predators due to proximity of construction
- Larval food supply enhancement: Nutrient run-off
128
Why is predator removal less likely for COT outbreak reason
Because the triton snail is the only natural predator currently being fished (not many other linkages)
129
Explanation of Larval food supply enhancement for COT
- Nutrient discharges from rivers into GBR have increased 4x over last century
- Concentration of Phyto-plankton in GBR when A.planci (COT) larvae develop is double that of other areas
-Larval development and growth increase 10x when this happens (they eat phyto-plankton)
- Increase in nutrient discharge has been directly linked to be from north Queensland rivers where farming occurs on catchments
