Exam BIO Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
Scientific method
A
Control, replicate, independent and dependent variables.
2
Q
Cell wall?
A
Rigid layer of cellulose found on the outside of cell membranes in plants.
3
Q
Cell membrane?
A
Semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.
4
Q
Nucleus?
A
Membrane-bound organelle within eukaryotic cells that houses the cells genetic material.
5
Q
Chromosomes?
A
Threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus, carrying genetic material.
6
Q
Ribosome?
A
Minute particle consisting of RNA found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of cells.
7
Q
Golgi complex?
A
Organelle that processes and package proteins and lipids.
8
Q
Lysosomes?
A
Organelles that contain an array of enzymes to breakdown biological polymers.
9
Q
Mitochondria?
A
Generate most of the cells chemical energy in the form of ATP
10
Q
Vacuole?
A
Space in cell to handle waste and for storage
Plant cells: one large one
Animal cells: multiple small ones
11
Q
Centriole?
A
Cylindrical organelle compound of protein. help during cell divisions.
Only found in animal cells.
12
Q
Cilia?
A
Hair-like structures found on the surface of most cells. usually to help with movement.
13
Q
Flagella?
A
Tail-like appendages, found in some cells to assist with movement.
14
Q
Chloroplast?
A
In green plant cells, where photosynthesis takes place.
15
Q
Mitosis vs meosis
A
Mitosis= 1 parent cell (diploid), 2 daughter cells (haploid), used in growth and development.
Meosis= 1 parent cell (diploid), 4 daughter cells with half chromosomes (haploid), used in reproduction.
16
Q
Osmosis vs diffusion
A
Diffusion= Passive, across membrane, particles from high concentration to low concentration
Osmosis= Passive, across membrane, focuses on movement of water and minerals.
17
Q
Photosynthesis vs respiration
A
Photosynthesis= CO2 + H20 (light)= Glucose + O2
Respiration= Glucose + O2 = CO2 + H20 + Energy (ATP)
- Photosynthesis builds organic compounds where respiration breaks then down to release energy)
18
Q
Natural selection?
A
Process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.
19
Q
Artificial selection?
A
Process where humans intentionally breed plants and animals for specific, desirable traits.
20
Q
Mutation?
A
Change in DNA sequence of an organism.
21
Q
Stabilising vs Disruptive vs directional selection.
A
Stabilising: Favours dominant trait
Disruptive: Favours mixture of traits
Directional: Favours recessive trait
22
Q
Allopatric vs sympatric speciation.
A
Allopatric: Geographic isolation prevent gene flow, followed by evolutionary change.
Sympatric: Same geographic area, factors like habitat differences or reproductive isolation, causes evolutionary change.
23
Q
Phylogeny?
A
Evolutionary history of a group of organisms, often visualised as a phylogenetic tree, which depicts their evolutionary relationships and descent from a common ancestor.
24
Q
Cladistics?
A
Method of classification of animals and plants that aims to identify which organisms are from recent common ancestry based on similarity of traits
25
Taxonomy?
Classifying living and extinct organisms into groups called taxa, based on shared characteristics.
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Hierarchical classification?
Method of organising objects into hierarchy based on their properties and relationships (kingdom, phylum, class).
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Systematics?
Evolutionary relationships of organisms
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Kingdom monera?
Make up of unicellular prokaryotes, single celled organisms that lack nucleus.
e.g. blue-green algae
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Prokaryote?
Single celled organisms that lack nucleus.
Bacteria, archaea
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Heterotrophic?
Organisms that consume other organisms for food.
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Autotrophic?
Organisms that produce their own food, often through photosynthesis.
32
Bacteria?
Large group of unicellular microorganisms which have cell walls but lack organelles and a organised nucleus. (high in abundance)
33
Archaea?
Single-celled microorganisms similar to bacteria that often live in extreme environments (many different types)
34
Virus?
Tiny infectious particles, smaller than cell, that can only reproduce inside a living host cell.
35
Kingdom protista?
Diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that are not classified as animals, plants, or fungi.
e.g. red algae, green algae, brown algae
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Eukaryote?
Organism whose cell contains a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles.
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Saprophytic?
Living organisms that feed and live on dead and decaying organisms
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Commensal?
Organism that uses food supplied in the internal or the external environment of host, without establishing a close relationship.
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Mutualism?
Two organisms of different species that work together, each benefiting from relationship.
40
Sexual vs asexual reproduction
Sexual: Fusion of gametes from two parents resulting in offspring of unique combination of genetic material.
Asexual: Single parent producing offspring that is genetically identical to itself.
41
Lichen?
Plantlike organism that typically forms a low crusty, leaf-like, or branching growth. In ascomycota fungal group
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Fungi?
Group of spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter (reproduce via spores)
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Gamete?
Sex cell, mature haploid male or female germ cell. Able to unite with opposite sex to from zygote.
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Spore?
Tiny, single-celled reproductive unites that allow the fungus or fungi-like protists to reproduce and spread.
45
Mycellium vs Mycorrhizae
Mycelium= Vegetative body of a fungus, composed of thread-like hyphae
Mycorrhizae= Specific symbiotic relationship, between fungi and plant roots, where fungal mycelium colonises plant roots
46
Kingdom plantae?
Encompasses all multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that are predomonatly photosynthetic.
- ferns
- bryophytes
- Conifers
- Angiosperms
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Alternation of generations?
Reproductive life cycle where an organism alternates between a haploid sexual generation (gametophyte) and a diploid asexual generation (sporophyte)
48
Gynosperms?
Plant of a group that comprises those that have seeds unprotected by an ovary or a fruit.
e.g. conifers, cycads.
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Angiosperm?
Flowering plants, produce seeds enclosed within a carpel.
50
Xylem vs Phloem
Xylem= Transporting water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant (inside)
Phloem= Transports sugars and other organic compounds produced during photosynthesis to various plant parts (outside)
51
Vascular bundle?
A strand of conducting vessels in the stem or leaves of a plant, typically with phloem on the outside and xylem on the inside.
52
Stomate?
Pore found in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs; controls gas exchange
53
Mesophyte?
Plant that thrives in moderate, neither very wet nor very dry environments
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Xerophyte?
Plant which needs very little water.
55
Transpiration?
Process where plants lose water vapour through tiny pores (stomata) on their leaves.
56
Bilateral symmetry?
Being divisible into symmetrical halves on either side of a unique plane. (Slow ones herbivores, fast ones predatory).
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Radial symmetry?
Symmetry about a central axis. (starfish, often filter feed or sometimes trap prey)
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Hydrostatic skeleton?
Type of skeletal support system in which fluid pressure within a fluid-filled cavity provides rigidly and allow movement and support.
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Exoskeleton?
Rigid external covering for the body in come invertebrate animals especially arthropods.
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Endo-skeleton?
Internal skeleton, such as the bony or certilaginous skeleton of vertebrates.
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Closed circulatory system?
Blood is always contained within vessels, like arteries and veins, and never directly mixes with the body's interstitial fluid
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Open circulatory system?
Blood is not completely contained within the blood vessels, but is pumped into a body cavity where is directly bathes the organs for nutrients and gas exchange.
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metamerism?
Characteristic of having a body composed of a series of similar repeating segments, known as matemares or somites. (most worms)
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Exponential growth?
A pattern where a quantity (species) increases at an accelerating rate.
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logistic growth?
A type of population growth where the growth rate is influenced by the population size and natural resistance, leading to a sustainable maximum point known as the carrying capacity.
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Fundamental niche?
A species can potentially survive and reproduce, free from the influence of limiting factors like competition or predation
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Realised niche?
An organism actually occupies in the presence of another species, particuarly competitors
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Symbiosis?
Close long-term interaction between two different biological species.
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Mutualism?
Both species benefit from relationship
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Commensalism?
One species benefits, other is unaffected from relationship.
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Parasitism?
One species benefits, other is harmed from relationship
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Amensalism?
One species is harmed, the other is unaffected from relationship.
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Predation vs herbivore vs detritivore?
Predation= One animal hunts and eats another.
Herbivore= One species consumes plants
Detritivore= organisms that feed on dead organic matter
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Food chain vs food web?
Food chain= Single, linear pathway of energy transfer from one organism to another in ecosystem.
Food web= Complex network showing the interconnectedness of multiple food chains and all feeding relationships within an ecosystem.
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Decomposer?
Organism, especially soil basterium, fungus, or invertebrate, that decomposes organic material.
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Ecosystem?
Community of living organisms inter-acting with eachother and their physical environment
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Supralittoral zone?
Area above high tide mark on a rocky shore that is regularly splashed by waves but not submerged by sea
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Eulittoral (intertidal) zone?
Area of shoreline that is submerged during high tide and exposed during low tide, typically twice a day.
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Sublittoral (infratidal) zone?
Marine region below intertidal zone extending from the lowest tide mark to the edge of the continental shelf
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Trophogenic (euphoric) zone
Upper layer of water in lake, where sunlight penetrates
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Tropholytic zone
Deeper layer where respiration and decomposition of organic matter dominate over photosynthesis
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River continue concept
Model that describes how the physical and biological characteristics of a river change as it flows from its headwater to its mouth
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Biome
Distinct geographical region with specific climate, vegetation, and animal life. Consists of a biological community that formed in response to its physical environment an regional climate.
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Keystone species
A species that has a disproportionately large effect on its natural environment relative to its abundance
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Biodiversity
Variety of life on earth, encompassing all plants, animals, and microorganisms, as-well as the ecosystems they form.
86
Difference in adaptions for surface area between small and large animal
Small: use diffusion for gas exchange, Excretion and transportation. (larger SA to V ratio)
Large: Have coeloms and blood vascular systems and fold and coil their viscera to fit compactly into the budy. (Smaller SA to V ratio)
87
Taxonomic heirachy
Life>Domain>Kingdom>Phylum>Class>Order>Family>genus>Species.
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Proof of evolution (5)
- Fossil record
- Comparative anatomy & embryology
- Biogeography (distributions of organisms
- documentation of natural selection in wild
- plant and animal breeding studies
89
Leadbeater's possum habitat?
Mountain ash (E. regnans)
120 yr old tree cavities
90
Goals in conservation of leadbeater's possum
- Conserve existing populations
- increase populations
- Restore key ecosystem processes that drive structure and cover of old growth forest
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Causes of disturbance (why are they endangered) of leadbeater's possum
- Clearing and fragmentation of habitat
- Loss of hollow trees during forestry operations
- Wildfires
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Conservation of leadbeatur's possum
- Increase logging rotation
- Increase reserves
- No salvage logging after fires
- Leave more habitat trees during logging
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Arguments for and against control of crown of thorns
Against= Sediment evidence show peaks in activity previously, so it is a natural cycle that the reef can heal from (debunked as data was standardised).
Initially no evidence linking COT outbreaks to humans. (this changed with phyto-plankton)
For= Starfish reached a peak never before seen,
Human disturbance (Predation, runoff etc),
Large areas of reef threateded,
GBR unique biotic heritage site.
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Description of Larvae food supply enhancement for COT
- Nutrient discharge up 4x over last 100 years
- Concentration of phyto-plankton (caused by nutrient discharge) in GBR when A.planci (COT larvae) develop is double other areas
- Larval development and growth increased 10x when this happens
Nutrient discharge has been directly linked to farms in north Queensland discharging into rivers that open into sea.
95
Three major groups of fungi
Zygomycetes
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes
96
Benthos?
Sediment layer at the bottom of lake
97
littoral vs limnetic
Littoral= Shallow edge of lake rich in life
Limnetic= openwater where light reaches.
98
Stamen in Angiosperms
Anther (top bit) + Filament (stem)
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Carpel in Angiosperms
Style + ovary (above stem) + stigma (grows out of ovary)
100
Phylum porifera (4)
- Invertebrate phylum
- e.g. sponges
- Marine + freshwater
- No symmetry
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Phylum Cnidaria (5)
- diffusion common
- e.g. Jellyfish
- Marine + freshwater
- Radially symmetry
- gut with one opening
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phylum platyhelminthius (4)
- Invertebrate phylum
- e.g. Flatworms
- All 3 environments
- Bilaterally symmetry
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Phylum Annelida (5)
- e.g. segmented worms
- All 3 environments
- sexual reproduction
- diffusion common
- mouth with two openings
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Phylum Mollusca (4)
- Invertebrate phylum
- Bilaterally symmetry
- All 3 environments
- e.g. Molluscs
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Phylum Nematoda (4)
- Invertebrate phylum
- Bilaterally symmetry
- All 3 environments
- e.g. Roundworms
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Phylum Arthropoda (4)
- Invertebrate phylum
- Bilaterally symmetry
- All 3 environments
- E.g. Arthropods
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Phylum Echinodermata (4)
- Invertebrate phylum
- Bilaterally symmetry Larvae + Radially symmetrical adults
- Marine
- e.g. Echinoderms
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Jawless Fish (5)
- Class Agnatha
- Suction cap for feeding
- External fertilisation
- e.g. Lamprey
- 2 heart chambers
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Cartilaginous fish (5)
- Class Chondrichthyes
- Jaws with teeth
- internal fertilisation
- e.g. Shark
- 2 heart chambers
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Bony fish (5)
- Class Osteichtyes
- Jaws with teeth
- Most external fertilisation
- e.g. Salmon
- 2 heart chambers
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Amphibians (5)
- Class Amphibia
- Jaws
- External fertilisation in freshwater
- e.g. Frog
- 3 heart chambers
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Reptiles (5)
- Class reptilia
- Jaws with simple teeth
- Internal fertilisation
- e.g. snake
- 3 heart chambers (4 for Crocs)
113
Birds (5)
- Class Aves
- Beak of keratin
- Lungs with assessory air sacs
- e.g. Honey eater
- 4 heart chambers
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Mammals (4)
- Class Mammalia
- Lungs with muscular diaphram
- Endotherm
- 4 hear chambers.
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Marine environment (4)
- Most stable
- Isotonic to body
- Good buoyancy
- Nitrogenous wastes as ammonia
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Freshwater environment (4)
- Salinity dependent on factors
- Buoyancy
- Turbidity dependent on factors
- Dissolved oxygen dependent on factors
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Terrestial environment (4)
- No buoyancy
- Water loss by evaporation
- Reproduction without water
- Climate fluctuations
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Where is the Cortex in a root diagram?
Empty space between endodermis and epidermis
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Why may organelles be missing from a cell diagram?
Cell diagram sections are often 2 dimensional- where a cell is 3 dimensions. So it could not be visible from this angle
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Where is the epidermis in a root diagram?
Internal outside wall
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Where is the endodermis in a root diagram?
Internal internal wall
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Phylum Chorodata?
Mostly made up of Vertebrates
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Diapause?
State of dormancy in animals often triggered by environmental conditions
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Nekton
Actively swimming aquatic animals in a body of water. Like oceans or lakes.
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Countercurrent exchange
Two fluids flowing in opposite directions, separated by a permeable barrier to exchange a substance.
Respiration: in fish gills at they are effective breathers
Blood flow: circulatory adaptions that transfer heat from high to low (used in Arctic mammals)
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