bio_final_20190108165543 Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
What domain do protists and fungi belong to?
A
Eukarya
2
Q
What is a protist?
A
doesnt have all features of a plant animal or fungus
3
Q
What protist may be similar to ancestors of animal cells?
A
Choanoflagellates
4
Q
What animal cell do protists resemble?
A
collar cells in sponges
5
Q
What kind of environment will you most likely find protists?
A
moist if not aquatic
6
Q
3 adaptations of that arose in protists?
A
sexual reproductionorganellesmulticellularity
7
Q
plant like protist?
A
algae
8
Q
fungi like protist?
A
water moldsslime molds
9
Q
animal like protists?
A
parameciaamoeba
10
Q
How are fungi and animals similar?
A
heterotrophscell walls composed of chitin like exoskeletonsstore carbs as glycogen
11
Q
main role of fungi?
A
major decomposers of living world
12
Q
structures of of fungi
A
spores, hyphae, mycellium
13
Q
what role do spores play?
A
reproductive cells
14
Q
what is the fruiting body of the fungus
A
specialized sexual spore producing organ
15
Q
4 phyla of fungi?
A
chytridiomyceteszygomycetesascomycetesbasidiomycetes
16
Q
example of ascomycetes
A
dutch elm disease, chestnut blight, athletes foot, truffels and morels
17
Q
examples of basidiomycetes
A
mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, shelf fungi, birds nest fungi
18
Q
what is mychorrhizae?
A
mutually beneficial relationship between fungal hyphae and plant roots.
19
Q
what are the 3 domains?
A
bacteriaarchaeaeukarya
20
Q
what does prokaryote mean?
A
before the nucleus
21
Q
characteristics of prokaryotes
A
Single celled organismsno nucleusno organellesDo have:DNA in ringsribosomescell membranes
22
Q
whats is unique about archaeans?
A
look like bacteria but not as diverselive in crazy extreme environments
23
Q
characteristics of archaea
A
no nucleusno organellescell wallmembranes allow them to live in huge fluctuations of pH and temperature
24
Q
how do archaea reproduce?
A
binary fission
25
how do methanogens (lithtrophs) get their fuel?
chemical energy
26
how do halophiles (phototrophs) get their fuel?
the sun
27
how do thermophiles (organotrophs) get their fuel?
break down organic materials
28
what are cocci shape
sphericalalone, chains, or clustered
29
what are bacilli shape
rod single or chains
30
what is biofilm?
organized colonies of one or several species attached to a surface such as rock or living tissue
31
how do bacteria reproduce
binary fission
32
how do bacteria transfer DNA between cells?
tranformationtransductionconjugation
33
transformation DNA transfer
dead bacteria release DNA into environment that may be taken up by other bacteria and intergrated
34
transduction DNA transfer
bacteriophage infects bacteria and transfers it to another bacteria
35
conjugation DNA transfer
physical connection by sex pilus
36
Plasmid DNA transfer
plasmid can be duplicated and transferred to a new bacteria
37
endosymbiosis
one species lives inside a host species
38
why arent viruses alive?
no cells and cannot reproduce on their ownmust infect another cell to be alive
39
what is a bacteriophage?
a virus that infects and replicates in a bacteriainject their viral genome into cytoplasm
40
two phases of virus life cycle
lysogeniclytic
41
lysogenic cycle
viral DNA is inserted in bacterial chromosome and dormant for long periods
42
lytic cycle
viral DNA replicates using cells machinery, kills the death of host cell
43
what type of virus is HIV
retrovirus with an RNA genome
44
HIV characteristics
target immune system
45
what enzyme does HIV use
reverse transcriptase
46
what is a prion?
an infectious protein, misshapen version of a normal brain proteincluster together to disrupt brain function
47
what is a viroid?
small circular RNA molecules that can infect plants
48
Plant adaptations to succeed on land
stomata, leaves, cuticle, vascular system, lignin, roots
49
bryophyte improvements
stomata and cuticle
50
seedless vascular plant improvements
xylem and phloem allow for true roots stems and leaves
51
sporophyte
diploid
52
gametophyte
haploid
53
gymnosperm improvements
pollen grains produce sperm that dont need water
54
seed
young sporophyte packaged with enough food in tough outer coat
55
angio sperm improvementes
flowers and fruits help disperse pollen and seeds
56
xylem
transports water and minerals
57
phloem
transports nutrients, sugars and horomones
58
two main parts of angiosperm
stem and leaf
59
two main parts of angiosperm leaf
stomata guard cell
60
Animals are most likely related to what protist?
choanoflagellates
61
what is a blastula?
zygote in a ball of cells
62
two tissue organizations
true and no true
63
animal that lacks true tissue
sponges
64
no symmetry
asymmetrical
65
plane dives into two mirror images
radial symmetry
66
only one plane produces mirror image
bilateral symmetry
67
uninterrupted tissue from exterior to gut
no coelom
68
a fluid filled central cavity that usually surrounds the gut
coelom
69
first indentation becomes the mouth
protostome
70
first indentation becomes anus, then second is mouth
dueterosome
71
what animal lacks digestive tract?
sponges
72
one opening; gastrovascular cavity
incomplete digestive tract
73
tract that has mouth and anus
complete digestive tract
74
a division of animal body into repeated sections
segmentation
75
benefit of segmentation?
adds flexibility and potential for specialization
76
which animal phyla are deuterosomes?
chordates and and echinoderms
77
which animal phyla exhibit radial symmetry?
cnidarians
78
regulate body temperatureprotect deeper tissueexternal covering
integumentary
79
protect/support organsblood cell formation
skeletal
80
fast acting control systemrespond to internal and external changeactivates muscles/glands
nervous
81
produce movementproduce heatposture
muscular
82
-regulatory horomonesgrowthmetabolismreproduction
endocrine
83
o2co2nutrientswaste
cardiovascular
84
returns fluids to blood vesselscleanse bloodinvolved in immunity
lymphatic
85
blood oxygenation
respiratory
86
breakdown foodnutrient absorbption
digestive
87
eliminates nitrogenous wastesmaintains acid-base balanceregulate water and electrolytes
urinary
88
produce offspring
reproductive system
89
components of feedback system
variablesensory receptorcontrol centereffector
90
shuts off original stimulus or activityincludes most homeostatic control mechanisms
negative feedback
91
increases original stimulus to push variable furtherchildbirth
positive feedback
92
capillaries in an open system?
no
93
where are capillaries
capillary beds
94
what cells are capillaries made of?
endothelial
95
how wide is a capillary?
one rbc
96
components of blood
rbcwbcplateletsplasma
97
types of WBCsN-L-M-E-B
neutrophillymphocytesmonocyteseosinophilbasophil
98
4 steps of digestion
ingestiondigestionabsorbtionelimination
99
intracellular digestion
food vacuole
100
extracellular digestion
cavity
101
one opening tract
incomplete digestive
102
two opening tractone way
complete
103
chemical and physical breakdown of food
digestion
104
what kind of digestion occurs in the mouth
mechanical and chemical
105
what chemical breaks down starch and turns it into maltose
amylase
106
role of small intestine
absorbs nutrients
107
villi and microvilli have max surface area for digestion max absorbption
small intestine
108
emulsifying agent in digestion
bile
109
what produces bile
liver
110
role of gallblader
store bile
111
pancreas products
enzymes and sodium bicarb
112
where are carbohydrates digested
mouth and small intestines
113
where are proteins digested
stomach and small intestines
114
where are fats and nucleic acids digested
small intestines
115
role of large intestine
receive indigestible componentsabsorb water and saltseliminate feciesproduce vitamin B and K500 different bacteria
116
study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment
ecology
117
all of earths organisms and all physical space we all inhabit
biosphere
118
all organisms plus abiotic environment within a defined area
ecosystem
119
interacting population that inhabit the same region
community
120
interacting members of a single species
population
121
biotic factors
animals, plants, microbes
122
abiotic factors
rocks water air
123
weather of a specific place over a relatively long time
climate
124
short term atmospheric conditions
weather
125
in the carbon cycle what do autotrophs use to synthesize organic molecules
co2
126
source of co2 in carbon cycle
air
127
geological deposits from carbon
limestone, coal, oil
128
two ways carbon is released into atmosphere
burning fossil fuelsdeforestation
129
amount of land and water to sustain one person
ecological footprint
130
how is ecological footprint expressed
global hectares - biologically productive space
131
what is ecological diversity
relative species abundancespecies richness
132
a species more important that the others to balance an ecosystemusually a predator
keystone species
133
food chain
producersprimarysecondary tertiaryqauternary
134
a chemical becomes more concentrated in organisms at higher trophic levels
biomagnification
135
3 types of biodiversity
speciesgeographicgenetic
136
3 ways communities interact
predationcompetitionsymbiosis
137
place where members of a population live
habitat
138
total of all resources a species exploits for it survival, growth, and reproduction
niche
139
types of symbiosis
mutualismcommensalismparasitism
140
how are ways prey avoid being eaten
warning colorationcamoflauge
141
occurs in an area where no community previously existed
primary succession
142
occurs where a community is disturbed but not destroyed
secondary succession
143
bring new diseasesno natural predatorsout compete natives for resourceseconomic costs to control
invasive species
