bio_unit_2_20190108175855 Flashcards
(197 cards)
1
Q
Shorter wave length
A
high energy light
2
Q
Longer wave length
A
lower energy light
3
Q
energy packets
A
photons
4
Q
primary photosynthetic pigment
A
chlorophyll
5
Q
highest concentration of chloroplasts
A
mesophyll
6
Q
opening for gas exchange on the underside of leaf where co2 enters and o2 and h2o exit.
A
stoma
7
Q
membranous disk inside mesophyll
A
thylakoid
8
Q
stack of thylakoids
A
granum
9
Q
thick fluid within chloroplasts
A
stroma
10
Q
where is chlorophyl located in mesophyll
A
inside thylakoid
11
Q
what color is reflected by leaves
A
green
12
Q
one way and carries water one way up, no end walls
A
xylem
13
Q
carries food through plant, two ways, end walls with perforations
A
pholem
14
Q
cohesion tension mechanism allows water to travel upwards from root
A
xylem
15
Q
normal loss of water through open stomata, adhesion and cohesion
A
transpiration
16
Q
allows transport of food throughout plant
A
pressure flow mechanism
17
Q
have an outer and inner membrane (double membrane)
A
chloroplast
18
Q
how many essential elements for plants?
A
17
19
Q
how to plants obtain C, H, O
A
air and water
20
Q
how do plants obtain inorganic nutrients
A
fertilizers
21
Q
moves sugar and water to root
A
source cell
22
Q
returns water back to stem
A
sink cell
23
Q
Power that can be used to do work
A
energy
24
Q
Heat energy
A
thermal
25
bond energy
chemical
26
sun energy
radiant
27
energy of motion
kinetic
28
Chemical reactions to make or break bonds
metabolism
29
female basal metabolic rate
1500
30
male basal metabolic rate
1700
31
1 kilo calorie = ___ food calorie
one
32
what % of basal metabolic rate supports the brain?
19%
33
why do males have higher Basal metabolic rate?
more muscle mass
34
Additional energy requirements are
20% physical activity and 10% digestion
35
ultimate source of energy for living systems on earth
the sun
36
organisms that use photosynthesis to capture energy
producers
37
must consume a producer (or another consumer to transfer chemical energy.
consumers
38
energy from the sun is used to rearrange co2 and h2o molecules to release oxygen
photosynthesis
39
o2 is consumed and is broken down to co2 and h2o and cell captures energy released in ATP
cellular respiration
40
photosynthesis produces organic molecules and o2 and cellular respiration uses o2 and organic molecules to produce ATP and h2o and co2 are recycled back into ecosystem
true
41
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
42
how does ATP basic structure make it ideal as energy molecule
three negatively charged tails repel each other like a spring
43
ATP hydrolysis breaks down for work energy into
ADP + P
44
ADP+P plus energy from cellular respiration makes
ATP
45
Cellular respiration equation
1 glucose + 6 oxygen molecules = 6 co2 + 6 h2o + 32 ATP + heat
46
what molecule must be present for cellular respiration to occur?
glucose
47
3 stages of cellular respiration?
glycosis, pyruvate conversion and citric acid cycle, Electron transport chain
48
how many ATP produced in stage 1 glycosis
4 ATP
49
how many ATP are produced in Stage 2
2 ATP
50
How many ATP produced in stage 3 ETC
28
51
ATP overall
32 ATP
52
Where does glycosis occur?
cytosol / cytoplasm
53
what organisms can perform glycosis
all
54
starting molecule glycosis
1 glucose
55
ATP usage in glycosis
2 ATP
56
ATP production in glycosis
4 ATP
57
how many electron carriers? (NADH) in glycosis
2 NADH
58
Ending products from glycosis?
2 ATP and 2 Pyruvate
59
where does pyruvate conversion take place
mitochondrial matrix
60
what types of organisms
animals
61
pyruvate conversion starting molecules?
2 pyruvate
62
is any ATP produced in pyruvate conversion
no
63
NADH produced in pyruvate conversion
2 NADH
64
pyruvate conversion end products
2 Acetyl-CoA
65
Citric acid cycle starting molecule
2 Acetyl Coa
66
ATP production per cycle
1 ATP
67
ATP production per glucose
2 ATP
68
NADH per cycle
3 NADH
69
FADH2 per cycle
1 FADH2
70
NADH per glucose
6 NADH
71
FADH2 per glucose
2 FADH2
72
where is ETC?
inner mitochondrial membrane
73
what molecules participate in ETC
NADH FADH2
74
which enters first NADH or FADH2
NADH
75
which enters second
FADH2
76
what is the the final electron acceptor and what molecule is produced?
oxygen and h2o is produced
77
where is H+ pumped during ETC
inter membrane space
78
what molecule is H+ used to produce
ATP synthase
79
what molecule is not present in fermentation?
oxygen
80
aerobic
with oxygen
81
anaerobic
without oxygen
82
what organisms use lactic acid fermentation
muscle cells and bacteria
83
what causes lactic fermentation
when need for ATP outpaces delivery of oxygen. oxygen debt
84
what stages are used in lactic acid fermentation?
glycosis and ETC
85
starting molecule for lactic acid fermentation?
glucose
86
how much ATP is produced in lactic acid fermentation
2 ATP
87
where do light reactions occur in photosynthesis
thylakoid membranes
88
required inputs for photosynthesis
h2o, co2 and sun
89
outputs from photosynthesis
o2 and sugar
90
where does calvin cycle occur
stroma
91
co2 combines with RuBP
carbon fixation
92
two chemical reactions produce 6 molecules of G3P
reduction
93
ATP rearrange the 5 ATP molecules to make 3 RuBP molecules
regeneration
94
how many co2 are required for 1 G3P
3
95
how many co2 are required to generate one glucose
6
96
what else can G3P be used to make
RuBP
97
uses co2 to generate o2
calvin cycle
98
uses o2 to generate co2
photorespiration
99
addition of electrons
reduction
100
electron carriers in photosynthesis
NADPH
101
what does C3 refer to
stable 3C molecule
102
C3 plant climate
temperate
103
o2 builds up in C3 and started adding o2 to RuBP instead of co2, RuBP is not regenerated; inefficient
photorespiration
104
what time of day is C3
during day
105
what does C4 refer to
co2 into 4 carbon compound
106
C4 climate
dryer and warmer conditions
107
c4 examples
corn and grass, sugar cane
108
where does calvin cycle occur in c4 and when
bundle sheath during day
109
what climate is CAM
hot dry arid
110
when and where does calvin cycle occur in CAM
at night in mesophyll to conserve water
111
What food molecules generate ATP?
Carbs, Fats, Proteins
112
Which food molecules are most commonly utilized for energy?
Carbs and fats
113
Which class of organic molecule is used as a last resort?
proteins
114
Food taken from surrounding medium
food taken from surrounding medium
115
obtain food from the substrate they live in or on
substrate eaters
116
suck fluid for food
fluid eaters
117
food brought in as large chunks that require further digesting
bulk feeders
118
Primarily using enzymes and acids
digestion
119
act of eating
ingestion
120
breakdown of food into molecules small enough to absorb
digestion
121
required for proper body functions and obtained through diet
essential nutrients
122
organic nutrients
vitamins
123
water soluble vitamins
B and C
124
lipid soluble vitamins
ADEK
125
inorganic molecules
minerals
126
where do essential fatty acids come from
plant sources
127
how many amino acids are there
20
128
how many amino acids occur naturally in our body
12
129
where do the last 8 amino acids come from that done naturally occur in our bodies
animal sources
130
How is a food vacuole created?
A cell engulfs food through phagocytosis and fuses with lysosomes
131
How is food digested by a food vacuole
enzymes from lysosome
132
What animal digests food exclusively through food vacuole.
sponges
133
single entrance for food and exit for waste
gastrovascular activity
134
what types of animals have gastrovascular cavities
simple body plans, cnidarians and flat worms, hydras
135
Compartments of alimentary canal
Pharynx, esophagus, crop, stomach, gizzard, intestines, anus
136
ingest and chew foodr
oral cavity
137
alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles that move food
peristalsis
138
regulate passage of food in and out of stomach
sphincters
139
pouch like extension of esophagus
crop
140
types of animals that have a crop
birds and grasshoppers
141
what compartment of alimentary canal does most absorption occur
small intestine
142
allows for elimination of waste
rectum
143
muscular walled extension of stomach
gizzard
144
purpose of gizzard
additional digestion and grinding
145
larger stomachs
carnivores
146
Longer intestine lenths
herbivores and omnivores relative to body size because plants cells have cell walls and take longer to digest
147
herbivore mammals such as cattle, sheep, deer
ruminant
148
ruminant variations
4 chambers in stop
149
ball of food shaped by toungue; processed food
Bolus
150
circular muscles that regulate passage along the digestive tract
sphincters
151
mechanical digestion
mouth
152
pH of gastric juice
pH 2
153
protein digesting eznzymes, mucous, Hydrochloric acid
gastric juice
154
gastric juice and bolus
chyme
155
major digestion of carbs, proteins, nucleic acids, and fats
small intestine
156
first segment of small intestine
duodenum
157
middle segment of small intestine
jejenum
158
last segment os small intestine
ileum
159
organ that produces bile
liver
160
stores and concentrates bile
gallbladder
161
chemical that breaks fats down into droplets
bile
162
an alkaline solutions that neutralizes chyme as it enters small intesting
pancreatic juice
163
organ that secretes buffers to neutralize chyme
pancreas
164
how many essential elements for plants
17
165
Plants require large amounts of these elements; 9 of them
macronutrients
166
plants require small quantities of these elements; 8 of them
micronutrients
167
How are C, H, O obtained by plants
photosynthesis, air
168
how are inorganic nutrients obtained by a plant
fertilizers in the soil.
169
What does a xylem carry
water from roots up the plant
170
what mechanism is used by xylem to transport water and minerals
cohesion-tension mechanism
171
movement of water out of leaves and into the air through stomata
transpiration
172
what does a pholem carry
products of photosynthesis to wherever they are needed
173
what direction does a pholem flow
source to sink
174
mechanism for transport in pholem
pressure flow mechanism
175
what process drives gas exchange
respiration
176
what characteristic is required for respiratory surfaces?
must be moist
177
3 phases of gas exhange
1. breathing, 2. transport 3. gas exchange
178
animals that breathe through skin
earthworms
179
animals that breathe through gils
aquatic animals
180
air tubes that extend throughout the body
tracheal system
181
animals with tracheal system
insects
182
animals with lungs
vertebraes
183
For acquiring nutrients, exchanging gases and disposal of waste.
circulatory system
184
gastrovascular cavity
jellyfish coral flatworms
185
are gases moved by an open circulatory system
no
186
animals with open circulatory systems
invertabraes
187
blood vs interstitial fluid
blood is confined to vessels
188
animals with single loop circulation
fish
189
animals with 3 chamber hearts
turtles snakes lizards
190
animals with 4 chamber hearts
birds and mammals
191
Where does glycosis occur?
cytosol / cytoplasm
192
what organisms can perform glycosis
all
193
starting molecule glycosis
1 glucose
194
ATP usage in glycosis
2 ATP
195
ATP production in glycosis
4 ATP
196
how many electron carriers? (NADH) in glycosis
2 NADH
197
Ending products from glycosis?
2 ATP and 2 Pyruvate
