BIOCHE QUIZ

Question 1

What kind of reactions require a suitable
substrate and operating
conditions such as
temperature, pH, etc.

Answer 1

Enzymatic reactions

Question 2

In enzymatic reactions, what does an enzyme require?

Answer 2

a suitable substrate
suitable operating conditions such as (pH and Temperature)

Question 3

Living cells require _____ and different operational parameters (5) for growth and product formation

Answer 3

Proper medium
pH
Temperature
CO2
O2
Humidity

Question 4

The liquid medium contains the
following ingredients

Answer 4

Carbon Source
Nitrogen Source
Minerals and Vitamins

Question 5

used for cell growth, product formation,
energy source, and maintenance

Answer 5

Carbon Source

Question 6

mostly contributes to the growth of cells

Answer 6

Nitrogen Source

Question 7

mostly used as cofactors in the
metabolic pathways of living cells

Answer 7

Mineral and Vitamins

Question 8

Cell growth is monitored in two ways:

Answer 8

number of viable cells/volume or mass of cells/volume

mass/volume

Question 8

the mass of living cells is
proportional to the number of cells

Answer 8

Unicellular organisms

Question 8

the size and density of the
cells are not necessarily proportional to their numbers

Answer 8

Mold growth

Question 9

The concentration of the cells may be expressed in either the number
of viable cells/volume or the mass of cells/volume.

Answer 9

Unicellular organisms

Question 9

Processes associated with cell
growth

Answer 9

1. Utilization of Materials from the medium by the cells
2. Generation of metabolic end products in the medium

Question 9

The concentration of mold-like cells is expressed only in the
mass/volume.

Answer 9

Mold growth

Question 9

Kinetics of the Biochemical processes involved for cell growth and metabolism

Answer 9

Medium Environment
Cell Population

Question 10

Under Medium environment

Answer 10

Multicomponent
Reactions in Solution
Acid-base equilibria
Variable pH and Temperature
Changing rheological properties (density and viscosity)
Multiphase

Question 11

Under Cell population

Answer 11

Cell to cell heterogeneity
Chain reactions
Internal Control
Adaptability
Stochastic
Genetic change

Question 11

T/F: It is impractical to consider a kinetic model that has all the features mentioned.

Answer 11

T

Question 12

Approximations to develop a useful representation of cell growth kinetics

Answer 12

concentration of all components
present in the medium is sufficiently high and the rate of
reaction depends on the concentration of that
component only

process parameters are regulated by controlling
the environmental parameters such as pH, temperature,
and dissolved oxygen concentration

Question 13

It is necessary to simplify the model with
some _______ and develop a useful
representation of cell growth kinetics.

Answer 13

approximation

Question 14

Example of a component that must be sufficiently high since the rate of reaction depends on its concentration

Answer 14

rate-limiting substrate

Question 15

Who classified the
microbial systems according to
the number of components
used in the cellular
representation

Answer 15

Arnold Fredrickson and Henry
Tsuchiya

Question 16

usually deals with the
kinetics of the change in
individual components
present in the cells

Answer 16

Structured model

Question 17

Examples of Structured model

Answer 17

RNA, DNA, proteins

Question 18

considered a single component system assuming
the kinetic changes of all
components is same.

Answer 18

Unstructured

Question 19

the kinetics of individual cells is taken into consideration separately

Answer 19

Segregated model

Question 20

the growth characteristics of individual cells are assumed to be the same.

Answer 20

Unsegregated

Question 21

When cell growth kinetics is assumed to be unsegregated, unstructured models, it is?

Answer 21

Ideal

Question 22

the reaction mixture usually consists of a substrate, and enzyme, and a cofactor

Answer 22

Enzymatic reaction

Question 23

The reaction normally takes place at a particular temperature and pH.

Answer 23

Enzymatic reaction

Question 24

The substrate is specific with respect to the enzyme

Answer 24

Enzymatic reaction

Question 25

one substrate (carbon source) present in the medium can produce different products with the help of different microorganisms

Answer 25

Microbial reaction

Question 26

In special cases, the same microorganism can produce different products from the same substrate

Answer 26

Microbial reaction

Question 27

produces citric acid when the pH is allowed to change during the fermentation process

Answer 27

Aspergillus niger

Question 28

Aspergillus niger produces ____ when the pH is controlled at 6.0

Answer 28

gluconic acid

Question 29

Usually globular proteins with an active site that catalyzes a specific reaction

Answer 29

Enzymatic reactions

Question 30

Each enzyme require a specific substrate

Answer 30

Enzymatic reactions

Question 31

Phases of Bacteria Growth cycle

Answer 31

Lag phase Log phase Stationary Phase Death phase

Question 32

Also called acclimitization phase

Answer 32

Lag phase

Question 33

Individual bacteria becomes mature and cannot divide

Answer 33

Lag phase

Question 34

RNA, enzymes, and other molecules undergo syntheses.

Answer 34

Lag Phase

Question 35

This phase can last from one hour to several days

Answer 35

Lag Phase

Question 36

Cells are active

Answer 36

Log Phase

Question 37

plays an important role in the fermentation process.

Answer 37

Age of inoculums

Question 37

The age of inoculums plays an important role in the fermentation process.

Answer 37

Log phase

Question 38

The number of new bacteria produced per unit time is proportional to the present population

Answer 38

Log Phase

Question 39

A substance used for inoculation or the introduction of pathogens or antigen into a living organism to stimulate the production of antibodies

Answer 39

Inoculum

Question 40

Where are the most suitable phases for fermentation?

Answer 40

Mid-lag phase Late-log phase

Question 41

A straight line will be obtained by

Answer 41

Log of cell mass (X) against Time

Question 42

Slope of ln X Vs Time gives

Answer 42

specific growth rate (ug)

Question 43

Measure of the number of divisions per cell unit time in the case of unicellular cells

Answer 43

Specific growth rate

Question 44

The rate of microbial growth is characterized by?

Answer 44

Specific growth rate

Question 45

Is the difference between the gross specific growth rate and rate of cell death

Answer 45

u net

Question 46

Is also called starvation phase

Answer 46

Stationary phase

Question 47

Characterized by depletion of essential nutrient or formation of inhibitory products like organic acids

Answer 47

Stationary phase

Question 48

Rate of cell growth= rate of cell death

Answer 48

Stationary phase

Question 49

Mutations can occur

Answer 49

Stationary phase

Question 50

Secondary metabolites are formed

Answer 50

Stationary phase

Question 51

Secondary metabolites are formed

Answer 51

Stationary phase

Question 52

Death of bacteria mostly due to

Answer 52

Lack of nutrients Environmental temperature above or below the tolerance limits for the species Other injurious conditions

Question 53

Three processes for microbial fermentation

Answer 53

Batch Fed batch Continuous

Question 54

It is difficult to obtain useful kinetic information on microbial populations from reactors in nonuniform condition T/F

Answer 54

T

Question 55

Where does the study of kinetics is necessarily done?

Answer 55

Well-mixed reactors

Question 56

Where should the detailed analysis of cell growth kinetics be performed?

Answer 56

Batch and continuous stirred-tank reactors

Question 57

Several biochemical processes are carried out to study cell growth in ?

Answer 57

Batch process

Question 58

Generally prepared by using seed culture in a liquid medium

Answer 58

Inoculum

Question 59

The concentrations of nutrients, cells, and products vary with time as cell growth takes place

Answer 59

Batch reactor

Question 60

Microbial biomass and product formation can be represented by

Answer 60

Substrate+Microbial cells = Extracellular Products + More Microbial cells

Question 61

The rate of formation depends on

Answer 61

Characteristics of the cell population (composition, morphology and age distribution) All environmental parameters that influence the rate of reactions in the cells and the medium

Question 62

Growth achieves it's maximum rate

Answer 62

Log phase

Question 63

Growth ceases due to starvation

Answer 63

Stationary phase

Question 64

Cell losses viability and lyse

Answer 64

Death phase

Question 65

SGR of Lag phase

Answer 65

0

Question 66

SGR of Log

Answer 66

Maximum

Question 67

SGR of Stationary phase

Answer 67

0

Question 68

SGR of death phase

Answer 68

Less than 0

Question 69

What can be developed in the case of batch process

Answer 69

Bacterial cell growth cycle

Question 70

Batch process is an _____ operation

Answer 70

Unsteady state

Question 71

Operation where the concentration of cell mass and substrate change with time

Answer 71

Unsteady state

Question 72

What growth stated that The log phase remains approximately constant approaches maximum specific growth rate?

Answer 72

Batch growth

Question 73

Time required for doubling the microbial mass

Answer 73

Doubling timd

Question 74

Time required between cell divisions

Answer 74

Generation time

Question 75

Like specific growth rate, these 2 can be expressed as is

Answer 75

Specific substrate consumption rate and specific product formation rate

Question 76

Describes cell growth model like Michaelis -Menten Equation, which describes enzymatic reaction

Answer 76

Jacques Monod

Question 77

This equation is considered an ideal equation like unstructured, unsegregated model

Answer 77

Jacques Monod

Question 78

Limitations of Monod Model

Answer 78

When limiting substrate concentration approaches infinity, the specific growth rate approaches maximum Specific growth rate is finite when limiting substrate concentration is finite Does not explain what will happen when limiting substrate concentration approaches zero Does not take care of cell death Not applicable in the case of substrate and product inhibitions

Question 79

Other substrate -limited growth models as alternative to Monod equation

Answer 79

Blackman Equation Tessier Equation Moser Equation Contois Equation

Question 80

Very much resembles Monod equation where saturation constant depends on the cell mass concentration

Answer 80

Contois Equation

Question 81

Types of inhibitions

Answer 81

Substrate inhibition Product inhibition Inhibition by Toxic compounds

Question 82

T/F: the inhibition pattern of microbial growth is analogous to the inhibition of enzymatic reaction

Answer 82

T

Question 83

In cell growth inhibition the kinetic constants are obtained from Experimental data by?

Answer 83

curve fitting

Question 84

At high substrate concentrations, the microbial growth rate is inhibited by the higher substrate concentration

Answer 84

Substrate inhibition

Question 85

May be alleviated by a slow, intermittent addition of substrate to the growth medium

Answer 85

Substrate inhibition

Question 86

The substrate inhibition for cell growth may either be ___ and ____

Answer 86

Competitive or non-competitive

Question 87

High product concentration can be inhibitory for microbial grot

Answer 87

Product inhibition

Question 88

T/F: product inhibition could also be competitive or non-competitive

Answer 88

T

Question 89

Analogous to enzyme inhibition

Answer 89

Toxic compound inhibition

Question 90

Has competitive, non-competitive and uncompetitive inhibition

Answer 90

Toxic compound inhibition

Question 91

Characterizes cell growth in terms of carrying capacity that can be obtained

Answer 91

Logistic equation

Question 92

It does not consist of Substrate concentration

Answer 92

Logistic equation

Question 93

Independent of substrate

Answer 93

Logistic equation

Question 94

Only related to biomass concentration

Answer 94

Logistic equation

Question 95

Cell growth is directly proportional to biomass concentration and the carrying capacity

Answer 95

Logistic equation

Question 96

Is related to biomass concentration and limiting substrate concentration

Answer 96

Monod equation

Question 97

Does not consider more than one growth - limiting substrate concentration

Answer 97

Monod equation

Question 98

Forms microbial pellets at high cell densities in suspension culture

Answer 98

Filamentous organisms like mold

Question 99

Cells growing inside pellets are subjected to

Answer 99

Diffusional limitations

Question 100

In the absence of ____, the radius of pellet in the submerged culture ________ with time

Answer 100

Mass transfer, increases linearly

Question 101

Considered to correlate the rate of product formation other than cell mass with cell growth rate

Answer 101

Luedeking-Piret model

Question 102

It combines growth associated and non growth associated product formation

Answer 102

Luedeking-Piret model

Question 103

If alpha is equal to zero

Answer 103

Product is non-growth associated

Question 104

If beta is equal to zero

Answer 104

Product growth is associated

Question 105

If alpha and beta are not equal to zero

Answer 105

Mixed growth associated

Question 106

Examples of growth associated products

Answer 106

Ethanol and enzymes

Question 107

Examples of non-growth associated

Answer 107

Antibiotics such as penicillin, streptomycin

Question 108

Example of mixed-associated

Answer 108

Lactic acid fermentation

Question 109

In this, A part of the substrate contributes to cell maintenance

Answer 109

Cell growth

Question 110

Deals with maintenance of cells

Answer 110

Pirt model

Question 111

Deals with maintenance of cells

Answer 111

Pirt model