Biochem 2 Ex 1 Flashcards
(200 cards)
1
Q
What breaks glucose?
A
glycolysis
2
Q
What are the products of glycolysis?
A
ATP, NADH, pyruvate, lactate and alanine
3
Q
Where does the pyruvate from glycolysis go?
A
prep step for Krebs Cycle, gets turned into acetyl-CoA, which enters into Krebs.
4
Q
What does pyruvate from get changed into in the Krebs Cycle prep step?
A
Acetyl-CoA
5
Q
What is the first step of glycolysis after the glucose has entered the cell?
A
hexokinase turns glucose into glucose-6-phosphate
6
Q
What is the second step of glycolysis?
A
phosphoglucose isomerase turns glucose-6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate
7
Q
What is the third step of glycolysis?
A
phosphofructokinase turns fructose-6-phosphate into fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
8
Q
What is the fourth step of glycolysis?
A
aldolase splits fructose-1,6-phosphate into glyceraldyhyde-3-phosphate (important) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate
9
Q
What is the fifth step of glycolysis?
A
glyceraldyhyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase turns glyceraldyhyde-3-phosphate into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
10
Q
What is the sixth step of glycolysis?
A
phosphoglycerate kinase turns 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate into 3-phosphoglycerate
11
Q
What is the 7th step of glycolysis?
A
phosphoglycerate mutase turns 3-phosphoglycerate into 2-phosphoglycerate
12
Q
What is the 8th step of glycolysis?
A
enolase turns 2-phosphoglycerate into phosphoenolpyruvate
13
Q
What is the 9th step of glycolysis?
A
pyruvate kinase turns phosphoenolpyruvate into pyruvate
14
Q
What is the 10th step of glycolysis?
A
lactate dehydrogenase turns pyruvate into lactate
15
Q
Where does glycolysis happen?
A
in the cytosol
16
Q
What do Kinase enzymes do?
A
transfer phosphate groups
17
Q
What is PFK?
A
phosphofructokinase
18
Q
What is a diphosphate?
A
two joined phosphates
19
Q
What is a bis-phosphate?
A
two separate phosphates
20
Q
What is the rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis?
A
phosphofructokinase
21
Q
What is one glucose split into in the process of glycolysis?
A
1 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and 1 dihydroxyacetone phosphate or two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphates
22
Q
Who many pyruvates do we get from one glucose?
A
two
23
Q
Can fructose enter glycolysis?
A
yes
24
Q
How does pH effect PFK?
A
decreased pH inhibits PFK
25
How does citrate effect PFK?
citrate inhibits PFK
26
How does inhibition of PFK effect hexokinase?
if PFK is inhibited, hexokinase is inhibited
27
Where do we find glucokinase?
liver and B-cells of the pancreas
28
What is glucokinase?
alternative form of hexokinase
29
When does glucokinase make G6P?
when glucose is abundant (high Km)
30
Where is hexokinase found?
muscle
31
What stimulates glucokinase?
insulin
32
What effect does glucose-6-phosphate have on glucokinase?
it does not inhibit it
33
What effect does glucose-6-phosphate have on hexokinase?
it inhibits it
34
What 3 paths can glucose-6-phosphate take?
it can be burned in glycolysis, can form glycogen, can be oxidized in the pentose phosphate pathway to make NADPH
35
What stimulates pyruvate kinase?
fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
36
What effect does alanine have on pyruvate kinase?
it inhibits it
37
What inhibits pyruvate kinase?
pyruvate, ATP, or alanine
38
What stimulates pyruvate kinase?
fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
39
What is the universal energy currency?
ATP
40
What can the energy from the conversion of ATP-ADP be used to build?
fat, glucose, glycogen, protein, cholesterol, nucleotides
41
How fast is ATP consumed?
within a minute of creation
42
How much ATP is consumed each day at rest?
40kg
43
How much ATP is consumed during every minute of exercise?
over a pound
44
What are the three main energy systems?
ATP-PC System, Glycolysis, and aerobic system
45
What makes up the aerobic system?
Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) and electron transport system (oxidative phosphorylation)
46
Does the ATP-PC system replace ATP quickly or slowly?
quickly
47
What is the duration of the ATP-PC system?
5-10 seconds
48
When is the ATP-PC system used?
in short explosive activity
49
What kind of reaction do we see in the ATP-PC system?
coupled reaction
50
What is the key enzyme of the ATP-PC system?
creatine kinase
51
What inhibits the ATP-PC pathway?
ATP and creatine
52
What stimulates the ATP-PC pathway?
ADP,AMP, and creatine phosphate
53
What type of muscle fiber would contain higher concentrations of creatine kinase?
fast twitch
54
What is the location of the ATP-PC system?
cytosol-mitochondria
55
What are the reactants of the ATP-PC system?
ADP, AMP, Pi
56
What is glycolysis?
carbohydrate breakdown
57
Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?
anaerobic
58
What are the two types of glycolysis?
fast (pyruvate->lactic acid and alanine) and slow (pyruvate -> mitochondria -> aerobic metabolism)
59
What are the products of glycolysis?
ATP, pyruvate, lactic acid, alanine, NADH
60
What is the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis?
phosphofructokinase
61
What stimulates glycolysis?
ADP, AMP, Pi, ammonia
62
What inhibits glycolysis?
high ATP levels, high creatine phosphate, low pH
63
What type of muscle fiber would contain high concentrations of PFK?
fast twitch
64
Where does glycolysis take place?
cytosol
65
What is oxidized in the aerobic system?
fat,carbs, protein
66
What system produces the most ATP?
aerobic system
67
Where does most of the ATP from the aerobic system come from when at rest?
70% from fat
68
Where does the aerobic system take place?
mitochondria
69
What are the products of the aerobic system?
ATP, NADH, FADH2
70
What are the reactants of the aerobic system?
fat, carbs, protein, ADP, AMP, Pi, acetyl, citrate, NAD, and FAD
71
What is the key enzyme of the aerobic system?
dehydrogenases
72
How are dehydrogenases in the aerobic system named?
named after the molecule they oxidize
73
What system would be used for 0-5 seconds of very high intensity exercise?
ATP-PC
74
What system would be used for 30 seconds - 2 minutes of high intensity exercise?
fast glycolysis
75
What system would be used for >3 minutes of low intensity exercise?
aerobic system
76
How much ATP can the ATP-PC system make, and how quickly?
A lot, very slowly
77
How much ATP can the fast glycolysis system make, and how quickly?
above average amount, below average speed
78
How much ATP can the slow glycolysis system make, and how quickly?
average amount and average speed
79
How much ATP can the aerobic system make with carbohydrates, and how quickly?
below average amount, above average speed
80
How much ATP can the aerobic system make with fat, and how quickly?
very little, very quickly
81
What is respiratory quotient?
a # that tells you what % of energy is coming from fat or carbohydrate and the ratio of CO2 expired to oxygen consumed
82
What is the formula for respiratory quotient?
VCO2/VO2
83
Is protein burned during exercise?
yes, but it is left out of the RQ calculation
84
As exercise intensity increases there is greater amount of energy coming from carbs, does fat burning decrease?
no
85
Where is fat burned?
in the mitochondria
86
What inhibits fat burning?
lactic acid
87
When does peak fat burning occur?
50-60% of the maximal aerobic capacity
88
What does a high RQ mean?
excercise
89
What does an increasing RQ mean?
more carbohydrate and fat are being burned
90
What does a higher RQ mean in regards to what is being burned to make ATP?
more from carbs
91
When does the absolute amount of fat burning decrease?
at very high RQs
92
What reactant of the citric acid cycle is 2 C's attached to a CoA?
acetyl CoA
93
What reactant of the citric acid cycle is 3 C's, 3 COOH and has a OH group attached to the middle C?
citrate (citric acid)
94
What reactant of the citric acid cycle is 3 C's, 3 COOH and has a OH group attached to the bottom C?
isocitrate
95
What is added to acetyl CoA to make citrate?
oxaloacetate and citrate synthase
96
What reactant of the citric acid cycle is 2 C's, 2 COOH and has a double bonded O attached to the top C?
oxaloacetate
97
What enzyme turns citrate into isocitrate?
aconitase
98
What enzyme turns isocitrate into a-ketoglutarate?
isocitrate dehydrogenase
99
What reactant of the citric acid cycle is 3 C's, 2 COOH and has a double bonded O attached to the bottom C?
a-ketoglutarate
100
What enzyme turns a-ketoglutarate into succinyl CoA?
a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
101
What reactant of the citric acid cycle is 3 C's, 1 COOH and has a double bonded O and SCoA group attached to the bottom C?
succinyl CoA
102
What enzyme turns succinyl CoA into succinate?
succinyl Coa synthetase
102
What reactant of the citric acid cycle is 2 single bonded C's and 2COOH?
succinate
103
What enzyme turns succinate into fumarate?
succinate dehydrogenase
104
What reactant of the citric acid cycle is 2 Cs with a double bond and 2 COOH?
fumarate
105
What reactant of the citric acid cycle is 2 C's, 2 COOH and has a OH group attached to the top C?
Malate
106
What enzyme turns malate into oxaloacetate?
malate dehydrogenase
107
What pathways are energy releasing?
glycolysis, krebs cycle, beta oxidation, and glycogen degradation
108
What pathways are energy requiring?
gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and glycogen synthesis
109
What is the functional group of a carbonoyl group?
C=O
110
What is the difference between a carbonoyl and an aldehyde?
an aldehyde has at least one H attached to the carbonoyl group
111
What is the difference between a carbonoyl and a ketone?
a ketone has two R groups attached to the carbonoyl
112
What is a hydroxyl?
an alcohol, ROH
113
What is a carboxyl?
carboxylic acid, COOH
114
What is an ester?
acid+alcohol= RCOOR'
115
What is a thiol?
RSH
116
What is a thioester?
RCSR' with a double bonded O on C
117
What is a phosphate group?
P bound to four Os
118
What is an amino group?
NH2
119
How much energy is released when ATP is converted to ADP?
-7.3kcal/mol
120
What is energy utilized for?
creating ion gradients, producing mechanical motion, synthesis of molecule, production of heat
121
What is the range of energy charge for most cells?
.8-.95
122
What does a high energy charge tell the cell?
build fat, glycogen or glucose
123
What does a low energy charge tell the cell?
create ATP via the phosphocreatine system, glycolysis, or the aerobic system
124
How much energy is released when acetyl CoA is converted to acetate and CoA?
-7.5 kcal/mol
125
What is phosphorilization?
transferring a phosphate group from one molecule to another
126
What enzyme type is involved in phosphorilization?
kinase
127
What is isomerization?
rearranging a molecule
128
What enzyme type is involved in isomerization?
isomerase
129
What is mutation?
shifting a group from one location to a different location on the same molecule
130
What enzyme type is involved in mutation?
mutase
131
How can cellular oxidation occur?
by addition of oxygen, removal of electrons, or removal of hydrogens
132
What is the function of dehydrogenases?
to remove hydrogens and electrons from nutrient metabolites
133
What enzyme type is involved in cellular oxidation?
oxidoreductase
133
What is the only 5 carbon molecule in the citric acid cycle?
a-ketoglutarate
134
What is the only 4 carbon group with CoA in the citric acid cycle?
succinyl CoA
135
What is the prep step of the Krebs Cycle?
pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
136
Where does the Krebs prep step take place?
inside the mitochondrial matrix
137
What is the first step of the Krebs cycle?
acetyl CoA+oxaloacetate + citrate synthase = citric acid H2O in, CoA out
138
What gives the citric acid cycle its name?
3 carboxylic acid groups of citrate
139
What is the second step of the Krebs Cycle?
isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via aconitase
140
What is the third step of the Krebs Cycle?
isocitrate is converted to a-ketoglutarate by isocitrate dehydrogenase NADH and CO2 out
141
What is the fourth step of the Krebs Cycle?
a-ketoglutarate is converted to succinyl CoA by a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase NADH and CO2 out
142
What is the fifth step of the Krebs cycle?
Succinyl CoA is converted to succinate by succinyl CoA synthetase GDP+Pi in, GTP and CoA out
143
What is the one reaction in the Krebs cycle that directly yields a high energy bond?
cleaving the thioester bond of Succinyl CoA releases -7.5 kcal/mol
144
How does GTP help us get ATP?
GTP+ADP is converted to GDP+ATP by nucleoside diphosphokinase
145
What is the sixth step of the Krebs Cycle?
succinate is converted to fumarate by succinate dehydrogenase FADH2 out
146
What is the seventh step of the Krebs Cycle?
fumarate is converted to Malate by fumarase
147
What is the eighth and final step of the Krebs Cycle?
malate is converted to oxaloacetate by malate dehydrogenase NADH out
148
Why is the Krebs cycle considered aerobic even though there is no oxygen involved?
NADH and FADH2 deliver the electrons to the ETS, and the ultimate acceptor of electrons is oxygen
149
What inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase?
high NADH, high acetyl CoA, High ATP
150
What inhibits the formation of citrate?
ATP
151
What is the important control point in the Krebs Cycle?
the formation of citrate
152
What regulates citrate synthase?
ATP inhibits it, oxaloacetate stimulates it
153
What regulates isocitrate dehydrogenase?
ATP and NADH inhibit, ADP and NAD stimulate
154
What regulates a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase?
ATP, NADH, and Succinyl CoA inhibit
155
Where does the ETS take place?
inner mitochondrial membrane
156
What is the ultimate acceptor of electrons?
oxygen
157
Describe the outer membrane of the mitochondria:
porous
158
Describe the inner membrane of the mitochondria:
convoluted for an increased surface area, impermeable to most small ions and molecules, rich in integral proteins
159
How is ATP created in the ETS?
by creating a proton gradient
160
What is the starting point of the ETS?
NADH
161
How many ATP does each NADH produce in the ETS?
3 (2.5 net)
162
What is the order of the electron transport chain?
NADH, FMN of FADH2, CoQ, Cyto b, Cyto c, cyto a, and oxygen
162
How many ATP does each FADH2 produce in the ETS?
2 (1.5 net)
163
What is MEOS?
microsomal ethanol oxidizing system
164
How many calories are in ethyl alcohol?
7 kcal/g
165
What are the three enzyme systems of ethanol oxidation?
alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS), and catalase
166
What ethanol oxidation system is least active?
catalase
167
Who develops higher blood alcohol levels?
young females
168
Why do young females have higher blood alcohol levels?
less ADH in gastric mucosal cells
169
What is the function of ADH?
turns ethyl alcohol into acetaldehyde into acetate
170
What is consumed and created in ADH?
NAD consumed, ADH created
171
What can MEOS oxidize?
ethanol, fatty acids, aromatic hydrocrabons, steroids, and barbituate drugs
172
Where does MEOS take place?
the endoplasmic reticulum
173
How does alcohol tolerance "increase"?
ethanol in high concentrations can induce synthesis of MEOS enzymes
174
What produces acetaldehyde?
ADH and MEOS
175
What accumulates in tissues where ethanol is metabolized?
fat
176
What is the delta system of naming a fatty acid?
counting the double bond from the carboxyl group
177
What is the numbering of linoleic acid?
18:2w6, 18:2D 9,12
178
What fatty acid is 18:2w6, 18:2D 9,12?
linoleic acid
179
What is the numbering of linolenic acid?
18:3w3, 18:3D9,12,15
180
Is linoleic acid essential?
yes
181
Is linolenic acid essential?
yes
182
Name the inflamatory fatty acids:
palmitic, stearic, and arachidonic acid
183
What is the numbering of palmitic acid?
16:0
184
What is the numbering of stearic acid?
18:0
185
What is the numbering of arachidonic acid?
20:4w6, 20:4D5,8,11,14
186
What fatty acid is 16:0?
palmitic acid
187
What fatty acid is 18:0?
stearic acid
188
What fatty acid is 20:4w6, 20:4D5,8,11,14?
arachidonic acid
189
What fatty acid is 20:5w3, 20:5D5,8,11,14,17?
EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid
190
What is the numbering for EPA, eicosapenaenoic acid?
20:5w3, 20:4D5,8,11,14,17
191
What fatty acid is 22:6w3, 22:6D4,7,10,13,16,19?
DHA, docosahexaenoic acid
192
What is the numbering for DHA, docosahexaenoic acid?
22:6w3, 22:6D4,7,10,13,16,19?
193
What does acyl mean?
fatty acid attached to something
194
What is a TAG?
triacylglycerol
195
What is acyl-CoA?
fatty acid attached to CoA
196
Are the fatty acids in a triacylglycerol normally the same?
no
197
How much energy does a reduced anhydrous triglyceride have?
9kcal/g
