BIOCHEM cell anatomy Flashcards by SHYN Mores

∙ Cells are not all the same

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∙ All cells share general structures

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∙ Cells are organized into three main regions…

∙ Nucleus
∙ Cytoplasm
∙ Plasma membrane

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∙ Control center of the cell
∙ Contains genetic material (DNA)
∙ Three regions: Nuclear membrane, Nucleolus, Chromatin

NUCLEUS

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∙ Barrier of nucleus
∙ Consists of a double phospholipid membrane
∙ Contain nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell

NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

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∙ Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli
∙ Sites of ribosome production
∙ Ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores

NUCLEOLI

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∙ Composed of DNA and protein
∙ Scattered throughout the nucleus
∙ It condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides

CHROMATIN

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∙ Barrier for cell contents
∙ Double phospholipid layer: Hydrophilic heads (water loving; polar region) and Hydrophobic tails (water fearing; non-polar region)
∙ Other materials in here are Protein, Cholesterol and Glycoproteins

PLASMA MEMBRANE

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Plasma Membrane Specializations

∙ Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption

MICROVILLI

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Plasma Membrane Specializations

∙Tight junctions
∙ Desmosomes
∙ Gap junctions

MEMBRANE JUNCTIONS

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∙ Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane
∙ Cytosol - Fluid that suspends other elements
∙ Organelles - Metabolic machinery of the cell
∙ Inclusions - Non-functioning units

CYTOPLASM

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Cytoplasmic Organelles

∙Made of protein and RNA
∙ Sites of protein synthesis
∙ Found at two locations
∙ Free in the cytoplasm
∙ Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

RIBOSOMES

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Cytoplasmic Organelles

∙ Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances
∙ Two types of ER: Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Studded with ribosomes, Site where building materials of cellular membrane are formed) and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs)

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

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Cytoplasmic Organelles

∙Modifies and packages proteins
∙ Produces different types of packages: Secretory vesicles, Cell membrane components, Lysosomes

GOLGI APPARATUS

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Cytoplasmic Organelles

∙Contain enzymes that digest non-usable materials within the cell

LYSOSOMES

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Cytoplasmic Organelles

∙Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
∙Detoxify harmful substances
∙Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)
∙Replicate by pinching in half

PEROXISOMES

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Cytoplasmic Organelles

∙ “Powerhouses” of the cell
∙ Change shape continuously
∙ Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food
∙ Provides ATP for cellular energy

MITOCHONDRIA

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Cytoplasmic Organelles

∙Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm
∙Provides the cell with an internal framework
∙Three different types: Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, Microtubules

CYTOSKELETON

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Cytoplasmic Organelles

∙Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules
∙Direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

CENTRIOLES

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Cellular Projections

∙ Not found in all cells
∙ Used for movement
∙ _____ moves materials across the cell surface
∙ _________ propels the cell

CILIA AND FLAGELLUM

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Cell Diversity

cells that connects body parts

FIBROBLAST
ERYTHROCYTES (RBC)

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Cell Diversity

cells that cover and line body organs

EPITHELIAL CELL

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Cell Diversity

cells that move organs and body parts

SKELETAL MUSCLE CELL
SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL

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Cell Diversity

cell that stores nutrients

FAT CELL

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Cell Diversity cell that fights cell

MACROPHAGE CELL

Cell Diversity cell that gathers information and controls body functions

NERVE CELL

Cell Diversity cells of reproduction

OVUM (EGG) AND SPERMS CELL

- For measurement of an amount of liquid.

GRADUATED CYLINDER

- Are useful as a reaction container or to hold liquid or solid samples. They are also used to catch liquids from titrations and filtrates from filtering operations.

BEAKER

- One of the most important apparatus as they are functional from storing to mixing reagents in any chemical or biological reactions.

TEST TUBE

- A type of flask used as an item of laboratory glassware. It can be used as a container to hold solutions of chemicals.

FLORENCE FLASK

- Used to contain liquids and for mixing, heating, cooling, incubation, filtration, storage, and other liquid-handling processes.

ERLENMYER FLASK

- Used to hold solids, evaporate liquids, and heat small quantities of different substances as per the need of the experiment.

WATCH GLASS

- are made up of porcelain and are used to store and heat substances when required to be heated at high temperatures.

CRUCIBLE AND COVER

- Its mostly used in the titration reactions, and is handful in delivering a known volume of any substance to other equipment. This apparatus is a long-graduated tube, with a stopcock present at the lower end.

BURETTE (BURET)

- To transfer liquids and samples during the laboratory workflow

MEDICINE DROPPER

- Used for filtering, filling, decanting or transferring liquids or powders from one vessel to another.

FUNNEL

- Used for mixing liquids, or solids and liquids.

STIRRING ROD

- Used to prepare ingredients or substances by crushing and grinding them into a fine paste or powder

MORTAR AND PESTLE

- Used in labs to separate liquids and solids from a solution by allowing the water to evaporate off into the air.

EVAPORATING DISH

- Used to measure temperatures or temperature changes with a high degree of precision.

THERMOMETER

- Used to measure out or transfer small quantities of liquid, in volumes of milliliters (mL), microliters (μL).

PIPETTE (PIPET)

- Used to separate mixtures of two liquids with different boiling points

DISTILLING FLASK

- used for measuring accurate volumes of liquid materials for laboratory experiments.

VOLUMETRIC FLASK

- Used to cool and condense a gas back to a liquid, often as part of the process of chemical distillation.

LIEBIG’S CONDENSER

- To hold things and is placed in an iron stand to elevate other equipment.

IRON CLAMP

- Supporting apparatus above the work surface.

IRON STAND

- The ________ serves to identify the pH of any solution by changing colors whereas, the _________ serves in the filtration process.

LITMUS AND FILTER PAPER

- Used to support a crucible while it is heated over a Bunsen burner.

CLAY TRIANGLE

- Usually used to keep glass beakers or flasks from breaking due to heat shock.

WIRE GAUZE

- Used in the laboratory to score glass tubing before cutting, then smoothing the edges before use.

TRIANGULAR FILE

- To hold test tubes securely while they are being filled, stirred, or heated.

TEST TUBE HOLDER

- Used to heat substances, to combust substances, and to sterilize objects on high heat

BUNSEN BURNER

- Used for the flow of fluids and gases.

RUBBER TUBING

- Used to lift a hot crucible from a furnace or for other items which cannot be handled with bare hands.

CRUCIBLE TONGS

- Used for cleaning test tubes and narrow mouth laboratory glassware, such as graduated cylinders, burettes, and Erlenmeyer flasks.

TEST TUBE BRUSH

Useful material to stop test tubes and flasks.

CORK

- Used to seal test tubes, flasks, and other containers during experiments or storage.

RUBBER STOPPER

- Used to hold upright multiple test tubes at the same time.

TEST TUBE RACK

- Most common laboratory balance that determines the mass of chemicals or objects with high accuracy.

ANALYTICAL BALANCE & TRIPLE BEAM BALANCE

- Used to support equipment such as beakers, flasks, and other glassware during experiments.

TRIPOD

- To help with mixing, scraping, and other tasks related to transferring materials and samples from one place to another.

SPATULA

BIOCHEM cell anatomy Flashcards

(62 cards)