biochem chemical communication

Question 1

a nerve cell

Answer 1

neuron

Question 2

a molecule that blocks a natural receptor site

Answer 2

antagonist

Question 2

a chemical messenger between a neuron and another target cell

Answer 2

neurotransmitter

Question 3

a chemical messenger released by an endocrine gland into the blood stream

Answer 3

hormone

Question 3

distinction between a neurotransmitter and a hormone is?

Answer 3

physiological, not chemical

Question 4

a molecule that competes with a natural messenger for a receptor site; binds to the receptor site and elicits the same response as the natural messenger

Answer 4

agonist

Question 5

a drug may increase depends on the

Answer 5

effective concentration of a messenger

Question 6

messengers are also classified by how they work; they may:

Answer 6

-activate enzymes
-affect the synthesis of enzymes
- affect the permeability of the membranes
-act directly through a secondary messenger

Question 7

five classes of chemical messengers

Answer 7

cholinergic
amino acid
adrenergic
peptidergic
steroid

Question 8

the main cholinergic messenger

Answer 8

acetylcholine

Question 9

two kinds of receptors for acetylcholine

Answer 9

muscarinic and nicotinic)

Question 10

receptors on muscle neurons are called

Answer 10

nicotinic receptors

Question 11

the message of ACh is initiated by

Answer 11

Ca+

Question 12

when ____ concentration becomes more than ____the vesicles that contain ACh ____ with the ______ of the _____ and empty ACh into the ______

Answer 12

-Ca+
- 0.1
- fuse
- presynaptic membrane
- nerve cells
- synapse

Question 13

ACh is removed form the receptor site by hydrolysis catalyzed by the enzyme _______

Answer 13

acetylcholinesterase

Question 13

ACh is removed form the receptor site by

Answer 13

hydrolysis

Question 14

this rapid removal allows nerves to transmit more than?

Answer 14

100 signals per second

Question 15

acetylcholinesterase is inhibited irreversibly by the ______ in nerve gases and some ______

Answer 15

-phosphonates
- Pesticides (ChemCom 24b)

Question 16

acetylcholine is inhibited by these two compounds;

Answer 16

succinylcholine, decamethonium bromide

Question 17

ACh enables ______ to open and propagate signals, these channels are called____

Answer 17

-ion channels
-Ligand-gated ion channels

Question 18

nicotine in low doses is a

Answer 18

stimulant

Question 19

nicotine in high doses is an

Answer 19

antagonist

Question 20

examples of excitatory neurotransmitter

Answer 20

Glu, Asp, Cys

Question 21

2 EXAMPLES OF AMINO ACID MESSENGERS

Answer 21

excitatory neurotransmitter
inhibitory neurotransmitter

Question 21

examples of inhibitory neurotransmitter

Answer 21

Gly, Taurine, Alanine, Aminobutyric acid(GABA)

Question 22

glu has at least how many subclasses of receptors?

Answer 22

5

Question 22

they reduce neurotransmission, examples are Gly,Taurine, Alanine, Aminobutyric acid(GABA)

Answer 22

inhibitory neurotransmitter

Question 23

best known subclasses of receptor in Glu (amino acid)

Answer 23

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor

Question 24

what type of receptor is the NMDA

Answer 24

ligand ion gated channel

Question 25

NMDA or Glu is closed by which ion?

Answer 25

Mg2+

Question 26

4 monoamines, these monoamines transmit signals by mechanism whose beginning is similar to the action of acetylcholine

Answer 26

Epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine

Question 27

-it activates G protein hydrolyzes GTP -The energy of hydrolysis activates adenylate cyclase

Answer 27

norepinephrine

Question 28

when norepinephrine is absorbed onto the receptor site;

Answer 28

-it activates G protein hydrolyzes GTP -The energy of hydrolysis activates adenylate cyclase

Question 29

is synthesized in cells from ATP

Answer 29

cAMP

Question 30

3 cyclic AMP (cAMP)

Answer 30

-ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE -CYCLIC ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE -PYROPHOSPHATE

Question 31

protein that blocks the channel ion flow

Answer 31

The catalytic unit phosphorylates the ion- translocating

Question 32

the protein that changes it's chape and position and opens the gate

Answer 32

phosphorylated ion-translocating protein

Question 33

2 adrenergic neurotransmitters

Answer 33

epinephrine, norepinephrine

Question 34

receptors that are found in the respiratory tract

Answer 34

H1

Question 35

receptors that are found in the stomach

Answer 35

h2

Question 36

the body inactivates monoamines by ______ to an aldehyde

Answer 36

oxidation

Question 37

the body inactivates monoamines by oxidation to an aldehyde, catalyzed by ______

Answer 37

monoamine oxidases

Question 38

the first brain peptides isolated were the _____

Answer 38

enkephalins

Question 39

all peptidergic messengers, hormones and neurotransmitter act through

Answer 39

secondary messengers

Question 39

are present in certain nerve cell terminals

Answer 39

pentapeptides

Question 40

these uses membrane- derived phosphatidylinositol (PI) derivatives

Answer 40

vasopressin

Question 41

vasopressin uses membrane-derived

Answer 41

phosphatidylinositol (PI) derivatives

Question 41

these use the G-protein in a adenylate cyclase cascade

Answer 41

-Glucagon -Luteinizing hormone, antidiuretic hormone, angiotensin, enkephalin, and substance P

Question 42

large numbers of hormones are_____

Answer 42

steroids

Question 43

steroid hormones are ____ therefore, cross the plasma membranes through diffusion

Answer 43

hydrophobic

Question 44

steroid messengers are located in the

Answer 44

nucleus

Question 45

once inside the nucleus, the steroid-receptor complex can either bind directly to DNA or combine with a transcription factor