BIOCHEM FATS Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
►________ are heterogenous group of
compounds related more by their
physical properties rather than by their
chemical properties
A
Lipids
2
Q
Lipids are:
► Relatively __________ in water and
► Soluble in _____________ solvents such as ether
and chloroform
A
insoluble, nonpolar
3
Q
___________________ fatty acids have
beneficial effects in a number of
chronic diseases
A
long chain omega 3
4
Q
►_____________________ act as electrical
insulators along myelinated
nerves
A
Nonpolar lipids
5
Q
LIPIDS are transported in the blood
combined with proteins as ______________________
A
Lipoproteins
6
Q
►esters of fatty acids with glycerol
►oils are fats in the liquid state
A
►FATS
7
Q
►esters of fatty acids with higher
molecular weight monohydric
alcohol
A
►WAXES
8
Q
►derivatives of C-20 fatty acids
A
►EICOSANOIDS
9
Q
What are SIMPLE LIPIDS
A
Fats, Lipids, Eicosanoids
10
Q
►esters of fatty acids containing groups in
addition to alcohol one or more fatty acids.
A
►COMPLEX LIPIDS
11
Q
►containing in addition to fatty acids and
alcohol, a phosphoric acid residue
►frequently have nitrogen containing bases and
other substituents
A
►PHOSPHOLIPIDS
12
Q
►lipids containing fatty acids,
sphingosine and carbohydrates
A
►GLYCOLIPIDS (GLYCOSHINGOLIPIDS)
13
Q
►include bile salts, steroids, hormones,
ketone bodies, lipid-soluble vitamins
and polyprenoids
A
►DERIVED LIPIDS
14
Q
►aliphatic carboxylic acids
►Occur in the body mainly as esters of
natural fats and oils
A
►FATTY ACIDS
15
Q
►unesterified form as ________________,
a transport form in the plasma
A
free fatty acids
16
Q
►Fatty acids occurring in natural fats
usually contain ______ number of
carbon atoms
A
even
17
Q
►The chain containing no double bond
A
saturated
18
Q
►The chain containing one or more
double bonds
A
unsaturated
19
Q
►Saturated fatty acids end in __________
A
–anoic
20
Q
►unsaturated fatty acids with double
bonds end in ______________
A
-enoic
21
Q
►Carbon atoms are numbered from the
___________________ (C1)
►carbon adjacent to carboxyl carbon
(C2, C3,and C4) 🡪 ______, _______, and _______ carbons respectively
►terminal methyl carbon is known as
_______ carbon
A
carboxyl carbon, alpha, beta and
gamma, omega
22
Q
►Use _____ for indicating the number and
position of the double bonds
A
delta
23
Q
►Additional double bonds are introduced
only between an existing double bond at
the ________________
position
A
omega 9, omega 6, and omega 3
24
Q
►Based on the ___________ as the
first member of the series
►_____ is progressively added between
the terminal CH3 & the COOH groups
A
CH3COOH, CH2
25
►carbons of saturated fatty acids form a
_________ pattern at low temperature
zigzag
26
►higher temperature some bonds ________
causing shortening of the chain
rotate
27
►thinning of _____________________ with increase in
temperature
biomembranes
28
►contain one double bond
►MONOUNSATURATED ACIDS:
29
►contain two or more double bonds
►POLYUNSATURATED ACIDS:
30
►______________________ occurs in
unsaturated fatty acids because of the
double bond
Geometric Isomerism
31
acyl chains are on the same
side of double bond
►CIS Isomer
32
acyl chains are on the opposite side of double bond
►TRANS Isomer
33
►present in certain foods
►byproduct in the saturation of fatty acids
during hydrogenation
►hardening of natural oil (margarine)
►TRANS Isomer
34
►compounds derived from eicosapolyenoic
acids (20-carbons) Comprise the:
►Prostanoids
►Leukotreines
►Lipoxins
35
►Consumption of ___________________________
is detrimental to health and is
associated with increased risk of
cardiovascular diseases and diabetes
mellitus
saturated fatty acids
36
►Synthesized from products of glucose
oxidation
NON-ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS
37
►Must be obtained from the diet
►No human enzyme system can
introduce a double bond beyond the
ninth carbon atom of fatty acid
►ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS
38
►Sources of Essential Fatty Acids
►Linoleic and Linolenic Acids
39
►Corn Oil, Peanut Oil, Cottonseed Oil
and Soybeans
►Linoleic Acid
40
►Linseed Oil and Evening Primrose Oil
►Linolenic Acid
41
►Melting point of even numbered
carbon FA increases with __________________
and decreases the greater the
_____________________
chain length, unsaturation
42
►Triacylglycerol containing three
saturated fatty acids of 12 carbons or
more is _______ at body temperature
solid
43
►_____________________ are liquid even in
below zero degree Celsius
polyunsaturated
44
OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS in plant oils,
►Alpha-linolenic (ALA)
45
OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS in fish oils
Ecosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
46
OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS in fish & algal oils
Docosahexanenoic acid (DHA)
47
►Main storage form of fatty acids
TRIACYLGLYCEROLS
48
►Considered as local hormones functioning
through G- protein-linked receptors to elicit
their biochemical effects
EICOSANOIDS
49
►give rise to Group 1 Prostanoids and Group 3 Leukotrienes
►Linoleic Acids
50
►give rise to Group 2 Prostanoids, Group 4
Leukotrienes and Lipoxins
►Arachidonic Acid
51
►give rise to Group 3 Prostanoids and Group 5 Leukotrienes
Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA)
52
►Exists in every mammalian tissue acting as
local hormones
►Potent platelet aggregators
PROSTAGLANDINS
53
►Have the cyclopentane ring interrupted by
an oxygen atom
►Synthesized by leukocytes
►Causes vasoconstriction and platelet
aggregation
THROMBOXANES
54
►Produced in leukocytes, mastocytoma
cells, platelets and macrophages through
lipoxygenase pathway
►Play a role in asthma, causing
bronchoconstriction
►potent post inflammatory agents
LEUKOTRIENES
55
►Family of conjugated tetraenes
(four conjugated double bonds)
►Also produced by leukocytes by
lipoxygenase pathway
LIPOXINS (LXs)
56
►derivatives of Phosphatidic acid
►phosphate esterified with one OH
group of glycerol
►PHOSPHOLIPIDS
57
►Both _______________________ and
_________________ have two long chain
hydrocarbon tail 🡪 lipid bilayer of cell
membranes
glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids
58
►Glycerophospholipids containing choline
Phosphatidylcholine (Lecithin)
59
►most abundant phospholipids of cell
membrane
►important in nervous transmission, as
acetylcholine and as a store of labile
methyl group
Phosphatidylcholine (Lecithin)
60
►very effective surface-active agent
►major constituent of surfactant
preventing adherence due to surface
tension in lungs alveoli
►absence from premature infants’ lungs 🡪
respiratory distress syndrome
►Dipalmitoyl lecithin
61
►found in most tissues; cell membranes
►ethanolamine and serine replaces
choline in phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylethanolamine (Cephalin)
and Phosphatidylserine
62
► found only in the mitochondria; essential for
mitochondrial function
Cardiolipin
63
►important in the metabolism and
interconversion of phospholipids
►Found in oxidized lipoproteins and
implicated in some of their effects in
promoting atherosclerosis
Lysolecithin
64
►Constitute much as 10–30 % of
phospholipids in brain and heart
Plasmalogens
65
►found in outer leaflet of cell
membrane lipid bilayer
►abundant in specialized areas
of plasma membrane known
as lipid rafts
Sphingomyelins
66
►complex glycosphingolipids derived from
glucosylceramide
Gangliosides
67
►cell-cell recognition and cell communication
►receptors for hormones and bacterial
toxins, such as cholera toxin
Gangliosides
68
simplest ganglioside found in
tissue
►contain ceramide, one molecule of
glucose, one molecule of galactose and
one molecule of NeuAc
►GM3
69
more complex; derived from
GM3
►receptor in human intestine for cholera
toxin
►GM1
70
principal sialic acid found in human tissue
►Neuraminic Acid (NeuAC)
71
present in the nervous tissue in high
concentration
Gangliosides
72
best known for
association with atherosclerosis and
heart disease
►Cholesterol
73
►widely distributed in all cells of the
body, particularly in CNS
►major constituent of plasma
membrane and plasma lipoproteins
►CHOLESTEROL
74
►C-24 steroid
►Derived from cholesterol by
scission of 3 carbon side chain
►Saturation of delta 5 double bond
of cholesterol
►Hydroxylation of steroid nucleus
►BILE ACIDS
75
►Formed in liver from cholesterol
►CHOLIC ACID
►CHENODEOXYCHOLIC
ACID
►PRIMARY BILE ACIDS
76
►With hydroxyl groups at carbons
3, 7 and 12
►CHOLIC ACID
77
►With OH groups at carbon 3 and 7
►Conjugated with glycine or
taurine forming bile salts
►CHENODEOXYCHOLIC
ACID
78
► Formed in intestine from primary bile acids through the
action of intestinal bacterial enzymes
►SECONDARY BILE ACIDS
79
► Synthesized from cholic acid
► Hydroxyl groups at carbons 3 and 12
►DEOXYCHOLIC ACID
80
► non-absorbable bile acids
► Synthesized from chenodeoxycholic acids
► OH group at carbon 3
► About 400 mg/day is excreted in feces daily
►LITHOCHOLIC ACID
81
►In humans, formed and secreted by
the:
►Adrenal Cortex, Testis, Ovary,
Placenta
►Cholesterol, common precursor
►STEROID HORMONES
82
Cortisol is produced by _____________
zona fasciculata
83
Aldosterone is produced by _____________
zona glomerulosa
84
►Conversion of progesterone to
aldosterone involves: Hydroxylation of C-11 and & C-21 forming _______________
corticosterone
85
►Produced by
►Leydig cells of testis, Adrenal cortex,
Ovary, Placenta
►Responsible for development of male
secondary sex characteristics
Testosterone ►C-19 steroid
86
►Produced by:
►Corpus luteum; Placenta; Adrenal cortex
►Formation of progesterone from
pregnenolone involve
Progesterone
►C-21 steroid
87
►Synthesized in the:
►Ovary (major); Adrenal cortex; Placenta
►Functions include:
►Stimulate proliferation and differentiation of
vaginal epithelium
►Proliferation & hypertrophy of uterine
mucosa
►Proliferation of breast ducts
Estrogen
88
►complexes of protein and lipids with
noncovalent bonds
►major transporters of lipid
LIPOPROTEINS
89
LIPOPROTEINS sphere with ____________________ (phosphatidylcholine) and _________________ forming the outer shell
protein & amphipathic lipid, unesterified cholesterol
90
LIPOPROTEINS
► __________ segment
directed inward
► _____ segments face
the water outside
► __________________
(triglycerols and esterified cholesterol)
form inside of sphere
nonpolar, polar, nonpolar lipids
91
►Triacylglycerol that are given a coat
composed of proteins, phospholipids, and
cholesterol esters
►CHYLOMICRONS
92
►Transport triacylglycerol from the liver to
the tissues
►VERY-LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN
(VLDL)
93
►initial products of VLDL degradation
►INTERMEDIATE DENSITY
LIPOPROTEIN (IDL)
94
►not steroid, but are related because they are
synthesized from five carbon isoprene units,
like cholesterol
POLYPRENOIDS
95
►lipids exposed to oxygen 🡪 Peroxidation
(auto-oxidation)
►deterioration of foods
FREE RADICALS
96
►control and reduce lipid peroxidation
antioxidants
97
Role of lipoproteins?
Transport of lipids from intestines as __________
Transport of lipids from liver as ______
Transport of lipids from adipose tissue as _____ bound to serum albumin
CHYLOMICRONS, VLDL, FFAs
98
A risk factor for increased mortality,
hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and
other endocrine dysfunctions
OBESITY
99
CLASSES OF PLASMA LIPIDS
Cholesterol (____)
Triacylglycerols (____)
Phospholipids (____)
Cholesteryl esters (____)
Free fatty acids, FFAs (____)
14%, 16%, 30%, 36%, 4%
100
metabolically,
the most active of the plasma lipids
Free fatty acids, FFAs
101
Found in combination with albumin (a good
solubilizer)
Free fatty acids, FFAs
102
FREE FATTY ACIDS
________ in plasma in fully fed state → ______ in
starved state. ________ in uncontrolled
diabetes.
Low levels, rises, Increased levels
103
Removed from blood very quickly
Free fatty acids, FFAs
104
derived from intestinal absorption of
triacylglycerol (TAG) & other lipids
Chylomicrons
105
derived
from liver for the export of TAG
Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL)
106
represents final
stage of VLDL catabolism
Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)
107
involved in
cholesterol transport + VLDL and chylomicron
metabolism
High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)
108
LIPOPROTEINS
Structure
> nonpolar core =
_______________________
> outer layer = ___________________
triacylglycerol + cholesteryl ester, phospholipid + cholesterol
109
proteins that bind lipids to form lipoproteins
APOLIPOPROTEINS
110
Thought to have a role in chylomicron metabolism
May act as a regulator of satiety & glucose
homeostasis → potential therapeutic target for
treatment of diabetes and obesity
Apo A-IV
111
important factor in human neurodegenerative
disease
Apo D
112
Major apoproteins of HDL →
apo As
113
Main apoproteins of LDL →
apo B (B-100)
114
form LDL (“bad cholesterol”),
have beta sheet structure, stick to lipids irreversibly
Apolipoprotein B
115
form HDL (“good
cholesterol”), have alpha helix structures, stick to
lipids reversibly
apo A & other apolipoproteins
116
the primary protein in LDL (“bad cholesterol”)
One of the longest single polypeptide chains known
Apolipoprotein B100
117
Atherogenic
Most likely to enter the wall of the arteries
Apolipoprotein B
118
Found in chyle (formed by lymphatic system
draining the intestine)
Responsible for transport of all dietary lipids
into the circulation
transports triacylglycerol from liver to the
extrahepatic tissues
CHYLOMICRONS
119
Both are rapidly catabolized
Chylomicrons & VLDL
120
Where do fatty acids from chylomicron triacylglycerol go?
___ to adipose, heart & muscle
____ to liver
80%, 20%
121
Located on the walls of capillaries & anchored to
the endothelium by negatively charged
proteoglycan chains of heparan sulfate
Lipoprotein lipase
122
The LDL receptor is specific for _______
____ of LDL is degraded in extrahepatic
tissues; ____ degraded in liver
apo B-100, 30%, 70%
123
is made and secreted by both the liver &
intestine
HDL
124
storage site for apo C & apo E that are needed in metabolism of chylomicrons & VLDL
MAJOR FUNCTION OF HDL
125
Liver is the place of facilitation of digestion & absorption of lipids by production of _____
bile
126
Liver is the place of Conversion of fatty acids to _________________
ketone bodies
127
VLDL assembly requires _____________________
apo B-100 & TAG
128
accumulation of lipid, mainly TAG in the liver
Fatty liver
129
Most common liver disorder worldwide:
nonalcoholic
fatty liver
130
- protein involved in formation of lipid droplets in adipocytes
Enables storage and breakdown of TAG as needed by the
body
Perilipin
131
also catalyzed in vivo by heme compounds and
lipoxygenase found in platelets and leukocytes
Lipid Peroxidation
132
_________ are Associated with increased health risks
Trans fatty acids
133
Main product of Fatty Acid Oxidation
Acetyl-CoA
