Biochem Lec 5B - Integration of metabolism - Vitamins

Question 1

energy releasing B complex vitamins

Answer 1

B1, B2, B3, B5, B7

Question 2

b complex hematopoietic vitamins

Answer 2

B9, B12

Question 3

what is the only fat soluable vitamin with a coneznyme function

Answer 3

vitamin K

Question 4

B1 name

Answer 4

Thiamine

Question 5

B2 name

Answer 5

Riboflavin

Question 6

B3 name

Answer 6

Niacin

Question 7

B5 name

Answer 7

Pantothenic Acid

Question 8

B6 name

Answer 8

Pyridoxoine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine

Question 9

B7 name

Answer 9

biotin

Question 10

B9 name

Answer 10

Folic Acid

Question 11

B12 name

Answer 11

Cobalamin

Question 12

what is a good source of B1

Answer 12

whole grain

Question 13

what does B1 help w

Answer 13

part of coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
energy metabolism - conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, TCA cycle
nerve activity and muscle activity

Question 14

what complex requires TPP and thus B1

Answer 14

E1 of the PDH (pyruvate dehydrogenease complex) complex [helps for Acetyl-CoA for TCA cycle]

Question 15

What are the B1 deficiencies

Answer 15

Beriberi - found where polished rice is the major component of diet - affects nervous system or cardiovascular system; muscle wasting and edema

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome - seen in association with chronic alcoholism - apathy, loss of memory, ataxia, rhythmic to and fro motion of the eyeballs (nystagmus)

Question 16

B2 function

Answer 16

serves as coenzyme in energy metabolism
(flavin mononucleotide) FMN
(flavin adenine dinucleotide) FAD

Question 17

B2 deficiencies

Answer 17

Cheiolsis (fissuring at the corners of the mouth)
Glossitis (tongue appearing smooth and purplish)
no major disease
dermatitis

Question 18

B3 function

Answer 18

coenzyme forms are NAD and NADP
central in energy transfer reactions
protects against neurological degeneration

Question 19

B3 deficiencies

Answer 19

Pellagra - disease of the skin, GI tract and CNS
symptoms - dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia (3Ds), and if untreated, death

Question 20

forms of B6

Answer 20

pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine
precursors of the coeznyme pyridoxal phosphate
used in amino acid metabolism

Question 21

catecholamine examples

Answer 21

dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
(active amines)

Question 22

where are dopamine and norepinephrine synthesized and what is its function

Answer 22

in the brain and functions as neurotransmitters

Question 23

where are epinephrine and norepinephrine synthesized

Answer 23

in the adrenal medulla

Question 24

synthesis of catecholamines enzyme

Answer 24

PLP (pyridoxal phosphate)
(dopa to dopamine)

Question 25

what is the only water soluble vitamin with significant toxicity and what is the consequence

Answer 25

B6, neurological damage

Question 26

B6 deficiency

Answer 26

scaly dermatits, anemia, depression, confusion, convulsions

Question 27

B7 function

Answer 27

part of a coenzyme used in carboxylation reactions (such as fatty acid synthesis) used in energy metabolism

Question 28

B7 deficiency

Answer 28

are rare

Question 29

B9 function

Answer 29

used in DNA synthesis and therefore important in new cell formation

Question 30

B9 primary coenzme form

Answer 30

primary coenzyme form is tetrahydrofolate (THF)

Question 31

what is the most common vitamin deficiency in the US particularly among pregnant women and alcoholics and what are its consequences

Answer 31

B9 deficiency anemia neural tube defects: spina bifida and anencephaly

Question 32

function of B12

Answer 32

used in new cell synthesis -helps maintain nerve cells -reforms folate coenzyme -helps to break down some fatty acids and amino acids

Question 33

B12 deficiency

Answer 33

pernicious anemia

Question 34

B12 usually binds to what in the intestine before absorption

Answer 34

intrinsic factor (IF)

Question 35

vitamin C function

Answer 35

-aids in collagen synthesis (strengthens blood vessel walls, aids wound healing, provides matrix for bone growth) -antioxidant -strengthens resistance to infection -helps in iron absorption

Question 36

vitamin c deficiency

Answer 36

scurvy - sore and spongy gums, loose teeth, fragile blood vessels, swollen joints, anemia

Question 37

vitamin A function

Answer 37

vision reproduction, maintenance of epithelia tissues, bone and tooth growth

Question 38

type of vitamin A molecules

Answer 38

retinoids and carotenoids (beta carotene)

Question 39

vitamin A deficiencies

Answer 39

night blindness xerophthalmia - dry eyes, lack of tear production keratomalacia - softening of the cornea

Question 40

Vitamin D function

Answer 40

mineralization of bone

Question 41

vitamin D deficiencies

Answer 41

Rickets in children (inadequate calcification resulting in misshapen bones (bowing of leg) Osteomalacia in adults (poor bone mineralization, soft, flexible, brittle and deformed bones) Osteoporosis in adults (loss of calcium, results in fractures)

Question 42

vitamin E function

Answer 42

antioxidant

Question 43

vitamin E deficiencies

Answer 43

red blood cell breakage nerve damage

Question 44

vitamin K function (phylloquinone, menaquinone)

Answer 44

synthesis of blood clotting proteins synthesis of bone proteins

Question 45

vitamin K deficiency

Answer 45

hemorrhaging

Question 46

major and trace mineral mg

Answer 46

>100mg/day <100 mg/day

Question 47

function of sodium

Answer 47

assist in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balnce

Question 48

sodium deficiency

Answer 48

muscle cramps, mental apathy and loss of appetite

Question 49

calcium function

Answer 49

mineralization of bones and teeth muscle contraction and relaxation

Question 50

calcium deficiency

Answer 50

stunted growth in children bone loss (osteoporosis) in adults

Question 51

phosphorus functions

Answer 51

mineralization of bones and teeth important in genetic material

Question 52

phosphorus deficiency

Answer 52

muscular weakness, bone pain

Question 53

fluoride reduces dental caries by what %

Answer 53

50-70%

Question 54

iron deficiency disease

Answer 54

anemia

Question 55

what are essential for management of sugar metabolism

Answer 55

Zn, Cr, Mn

Question 56

function of Iodine

Answer 56

component of thyroid hormone that helps regular growth, development, and metabolic rate

Question 57

iodine deficiency

Answer 57

Goiter