Biochem Primary Biochem Pathways Flashcards
0
Q
Substrate level or oxidative phosphorylation
ETC
A
oxidative phosphorylation
1
Q
Substrate level or oxidative phosphorylation
Anaerobic glycolysis
A
Substrate level phosphorylation
2
Q
Substrate level or oxidative phosphorylation
NADH and FADH2 from TCA
A
oxidative phosphorylation
3
Q
GTP from TCA
A
Substrate level phosphorylation
4
Q
Requires oxygen
A
oxidative phosphorylation
5
Q
Substrate level or oxidative phosphorylation
Only method of ATP production for RBCs
A
Substrate level phosphorylation
6
Q
Identify the complex of ETC involved
Entry point of NADH
A
Complex I
3 ATP/NADH
7
Q
Identify the complex of ETC involved
Entry point of FADH2
A
Complex II
2 ATP/FADH
8
Q
Identify the complex of ETC involved
Generation of proton gradient
A
Complex I, III and IV
9
Q
Identify the complex of ETC involved
ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation
A
Complex V /ATP Synthase
20
Q
How does the following compound inhibit ATP production?
Aspirin
A
Synthetic Uncoupler
Other examples: Thermogenin, 2-4 Dinitrophenol (synthetic)
- Increases permeability of inner membrane to protons, allowing protons to skip complex V
21
Q
How does the following compound inhibit ATP production?
Amytal
A
Inhibit Complex I
22
Q
How does the following compound inhibit ATP production?
Oligomycin
A
Direct inhibition of ATP synthase
23
Q
How does the following compound inhibit ATP production?
Carbon monoxide
A
Complex 4 or cytochrome C inhibitor
Others: cyanide
24
Q
How does the following compound inhibit ATP production?
Dimercaprol
A
Complex III inhibitor
25
Q
Classify the following carbohydrate
Maltose
A
Disaccharide
Glucose+Glucose
26
Q
Classify the following carbohydrate
Mannose
A
Monosaccharide
Mannose is reduced to Mannitol
27
Q
Classify the following carbohydrate
Cellulose
A
Polysaccharide
28
Q
Classify the following carbohydrate
Lactose
A
Disaccharide
Galactose+Glucose
29
Q
Classify the following carbohydrate
Sorbitol
A
Monosaccharide
Glucose is reduced to Sorbitol
30
Q
Classify the following carbohydrate
Glycogen
A
Polysaccharide
31
Q
Identity type of relationship
Alpha D fructose and Beta D fructose
A
Anomers
32
Q
Identity type of relationship
Galactose and Mannose
A
Isomers
33
Q
Identity type of relationship
Glucose and Mannose
A
Epimers
- other: Glucose & Galactose
- differ by 1 carbon
34
Identity type of relationship
D Galactose and L Galactose
Enantiomers
35
More common form of carbohydrate: D or L?
Carbohydrate/Sugar: more D form
Amino acid: more L form
36
Identify the GLUT
Requires insulin
GLUT 4
37
Identify the GLUT
Brain and RBC
GLUT 1
Brain: GLUT 13
38
Identify the GLUT
Liver and pancreas
GLUT 2
39
Identify the GLUT
Absorption of fructose in small intestine by facilitated diffusion
GLUT 5
L-U-M-E-N
40
Identify the GLUT
Adipose tissue, skeletal and cardiac muscle
GLUT 5
41
Identify the GLUT
Brain, kidney, placenta
GLUT 3
42
Coversion of glucose to 2 molecules of either pyruvate or lactate
Glycolysis
43
Production of glucose from precursors such as lactate, glycerol, glucogenic amino acids, intermediates of glycolysis and TCA cycle
Gluconeogenesis
44
Synthesis of storage form of carbohydrates from UDP glucose
Glycogenesis
45
Retrieval of glucose from its storage form
Glycogenolysis
46
Produces NADPH, ribose and provides a mechanism for metabolic use of 5C sugars
HMP/PPP
47
Final common pathway for the aerobic oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
TCA or Krebs cycle
- both anabolic and catabolic
48
Reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 each donate a pair of electrons to a specialized set of electron carriers
ETC
In the inner mitochondria
49
Anabolic / Catabolic
Glycogenesis
Anabolic
UDP glucose -> glycogen
50
Anabolic / Catabolic
Krebs cycle
Amphibolic / Both anabolic and catabolic
51
Anabolic / Catabolic
Beta oxidation
Catabolic
Palmitate -> acetyl CoA
52
Anabolic / Catabolic
Embden Meyerhof pathway
Catabolic
Embden Meyerhof Pathway = Glycolysis
53
Anabolic / Catabolic
Conversion of pyruvate to alanine
Anabolic
54
Rate limiting enzyme
Glycolysis
PFK1
- 3 most important enzymes: Hexokinase, PFK1, Pyruvate Kinase
55
Rate limiting enzyme
Gluconeogenesis
Fructose 1, 6 Bisphosphatase
56
Rate limiting enzyme
Gycogenesis
Glycogen phosphorylase
targets Alpha ( 1->4 )
57
Rate limiting enzyme
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt
Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
58
Rate limiting enzyme
TCA cycle
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
59
Rate limiting enzyme
Lipogenesis
Acetyl CoA Carboxylase
- needs Biotin
60
Rate limiting enzyme
Lipolysis
Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase I
( carnitine acyl transferase 1)
Beta oxidation
61
Rate limiting enzyme
Ketogenesis
HMG CoA Synthase
62
Rate limiting enzyme
Cholesterol synthesis
HMG CoA Reductase
63
Rate limiting enzyme
Ketogenesis
HMG CoA Synthase
64
Rate limiting enzyme
Cholesterol synthesis
HMG CoA Reductase
65
Rate limiting enzyme
Bile Acid Synthesis
Cholesterol 7 alpha Hydroxylase
66
Rate limiting enzyme
Steroid hormone synthesis
Desmolase
Cholesterol -> Pregnenolone
67
Rate limiting enzyme
Urea cycle
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
- urea cycle uses Glutamate
- note PYRIMIDINE synthesis: Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II
68
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
Heme synthesis
ALA synthase
- heme synthesis requires GLYCINE + SUCCINYL CoA
69
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
De Novo Purine Synthesis
Glutamine PRPP
- 2 rings
70
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
De Novo Pyrimidine Synthesis
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II
- ring first then sugar is added
- 1 ring
71
Organ where pathway occurs
Glycolysis
All cells
72
Organ where pathway occurs
Glycogen synthesis
Liver and muscle
73
Organ where pathway occurs
Gluconeogenesis
Liver and kidney
74
Organ where pathway occurs
Ketogenesis
Liver
- SUPPLIER only
- Does not consume it.
75
Organ where pathway occurs
Urea cycle
Liver
-problem in urea cycle results in DEC BUN, INC ammonia in blood
76
Organ where pathway occurs
ETC
All cells with mitochondria and sufficient oxygen
77
Organ where pathway occurs
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt / Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Liver, Adipose tissues etc
- produces NADPH and ribose 5p
78
Identify subcellular location of pathway
Glycolysis
Cytoplasm
79
Identify subcellular location of pathway
TCA cycle
Mitochondria
80
Identify subcellular location of pathway
ETC
Inner mitochondrial membrane
81
Identify subcellular location of pathway
Gluconeogenesis
Cytoplasm + Mitochondria
- note 3 pathways both sites "HUG"
Heme synthesis and Urea synthesis too.
82
Identify subcellular location of pathway
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt
Cytoplasm
83
Identify subcellular location of pathway
Fatty acid synthesis
Cytoplasm
84
Identify subcellular location of pathway
Beta oxidation
Mitochondria
85
Identify subcellular location of pathway
Degradation of glycogen by acid maltase
Lysosomes
- defect : Pompe's disease
86
Identify subcellular location of pathway
Oxidation of very long fatty acids
Peroxisome
- No peroxisome: Zelweger syndrome
87
Identify subcellular location of pathway
Heme synthesis
Cytoplasm + Mitochondria
88
Identify the shuttle
Transport of cystolic NADH to the inner mitochondrial membrane, present in BRAIN and Muscle
Glycerol phosphate Shunt
- 1 NADH : 2 ATP
89
Identify the shuttle
Tansport of cystolic NADH to the inner mitochondrial membrane, present in Liver, Kidney and Heart
Malate Aspartate Shuttle
1 NADH : 3 ATP
90
Identify the shuttle
Transports mitochondrial acetyl CoA into the cytoplasm to produce a 16 carbon fatty acid
Citrate shuttle
- lipogenesis
91
Identify the shuttle
Transports cystolic Palmitoyl CoA into the mitochondria for beta oxidation
Carnitine shuttle
92
How many ATPs?
Anaerobic glycolysis
2
4 ATP - 2 ATP used up = 2 ATP
93
How many ATPs?
Aerobic glycolysis.
6 or 8
Substrate level phosphorylation 4 ATP
ATP fr 2 NADH depend in shuttle 4 glycerol or 6 malate
LESS: ( 2 ATP used up)
-----------------------------
Net ATP 6 or 8 ATPs
94
ATP produced from each molecule of FADH2 in TCA
2 ATP
- complex II
95
ATP produced from each molecule of NADH in TCA
3 ATP
Complex I
96
ATP produced from complete oxidation of glucose
36 or 38 ATP
97
ATP produced from complete oxidation of palmitate
129 ATP
= 131-2
98
Glucokinase vs Hexokinase
Present in the liver parenchymal cells and Islet cells of the pancreas
Glucokinase
99
Glucokinase vs Hexokinase
Phosphorylates glucose and other hexoses ( fructose, galactose)
Glucokinase and Hexokinase
100
Glucokinase vs Hexokinase
Low Km
Hexokinase
101
Glucokinase vs Hexokinase
High Vmax
Glucokinase
102
Enzyme for
Pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
```
Requires: True Love Never Fails to Conquer
Thiamine
FAD - riboflavin
NAD - niacin
Coenzyme A - Vit B5
Lipoid acid ( inhibited by Arsenic)
```
103
Enzyme for
Pyruvate -> lactate
Lactate dehydrogenase
104
Enzyme for
Pyruvate -> Oxaloacetate
Pyruvate Carboxylase
- gluconeogenesis
105
Enzyme for
Pyruvate -> Ethanol
Yeast : pyruvate carboxylase
106
Enzyme for
Pyruvate -> alanine
Alanine aminotransferase
107
Required: NADH or NAD+ or FAD or NADPH
Pyruvate to Lactate
NADH
108
Required: NADH or NAD+ or FAD or NADPH
Isocitrate to Alpha ketoglutarate
NAD+
109
Required: NADH or NAD+ or FAD or NADPH
Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
NAD, FAD
110
Required: NADH or NAD+ or FAD or NADPH
Succinate to Fumarate
FAD
111
Required: NADH or NAD+ or FAD or NADPH
Acetyl CoA to Palmitate
NADPH
- for fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis
112
What is produced: NADH or FADH or GTP or CO2
Succinate thiokinase
GTP
TCA: succinyl CoA -> succinate
113
What is produced: NADH or FADH or GTP or CO2
Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
NADH
CO2
TCA: alpha ketoglutarate -> succinyl CoA
```
Requires: True Love Never Fails to Conquer
Thiamine
FAD - riboflavin
NAD - niacin
Coenzyme A - Vit B5
Lipoid acid ( inhibited by Arsenic)
```
114
What is produced: NADH or FADH or GTP or CO2
Malate dehydrogenase
NADH
TCA: Malate -> Oxaloacetate
115
What is produced: NADH or FADH or GTP or CO2
Aconitase
None
TCA: Citrate -> Isocitrate
116
What is produced: NADH or FADH or GTP or CO2
Succinate dehydrogenase
FADH2
TCA: Succinate -> Fumarate
117
Enzyme used in glycogen metabolism:
Creates alpha (1->4) linkages and elongates the glycogen chains
Glycogen synthase
118
Enzyme used in glycogen metabolism:
Transfer 5 to 8 glucosyl residues and creates alpha (1-6) linkages
Branching enzyme
119
Cleaves alpha ( 1-4 ) bonds to produce glucose 1P
Glycogen phosphorylase
Deficiency in skeletal muscle: McArdle's disease
Note glycogenolysis muscle:product is GLUCOSE 1 PHOSPHATE
Glycogenolysis liver: glucose 6 phosphate-> glucose + phosphate
120
Enzyme used in glycogen metabolism:
Cleaves alpha (1->4) and alpha (1-6) bonds to produce free glucose
De branching enzyme
```
Deficient in Pompe's Ds
Cleaves alpha (1->4) : lysosomal alpha (1->4) glucosidase
```
```
Deficient in Cori's ds
Cleaves alpha (1->6) : alpha (1->6) glucosidase
```
