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Biochem Test 1 Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

why should we study biochemistry

A

Through fundamental chemical principles we can understand life of the molecular level, improve our existence once we understand it

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2
Q

What are the central principles of biochemistry

A
  1. cells are the fundamental unit of life
  2. cells use a relatively small set of carbon-based metabolites to create polymeric machines, super molecular structures, and information repositories
  3. Living organisms exist in a dynamic steady state, never at equilibrium with their surroundings
  4. cells have the capacity for precise self replication and self-assembly using chemical information stored in the genome
  5. living organisms change over time by gradual evolution
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3
Q

Micrometers

A

1×10 ^-6 m

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4
Q

Nanometers

A

1 x 10 ^-9 m

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5
Q

Angstrum

A

1 x 10^-10

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6
Q

Size difference between bacteria and an animal cell

A

Animal cells tend to be 10 times larger than bacteria cells

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7
Q

Wavelengths of visible length

A

400 to 750 nm which is equal to 0.42 0.75 µm

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8
Q

What is the commonality between the outside of both animal and bacteria cells

A

Plasma membrane

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9
Q

Difference between animal and bacteria cell on the inside

A

Both have cytoplasm,
membrane-bound organelles in animal cells, genetic info held in the membrane in animal cells genetic info floats in bacteria cells
ribosome is in both

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10
Q

What do ribosomes do

A

Read mRNA

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11
Q

What are the three domains of life

A

Bacteria, Archaea, eukarya

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12
Q

What are humans main source of energy

A

Organic chemicals

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13
Q

How big is the cell wall

A

50 Å

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14
Q

How big is protien

A

5 Å, could be as large as 10 Å if things are sticking out

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15
Q

How big is DNA

A

18 Å

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16
Q

How big are amino acids

A

3 to 5Å

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17
Q

How big are nucleotides

A

10 Å

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18
Q

How big is a carbon carbon bond

A

1.5 Å

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19
Q

How big is a carbon hydrogen bond

A

1.1 Å

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20
Q

What side of the periodic table are the metals on

A

Left except for hydrogen

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21
Q

What are the trace elements

A

Mg, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, W, Se, I

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22
Q

How is metabolic energy spent

A

To do cellular work

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23
Q

How does entropy change in the flow of energy

A

The total entropy of the system and surroundings increases which means more disorder

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24
Q

where do we get potential energy

Study These Flashcards
A

Nutrients in environment(complex molecules such as sugars and fats), sunlight(in plants)

25
What does cells do with potential energy
Convert it to do work, work will synthesize new molecules
26
What cellular work does the cell do
Chemical synthesis, mechanical work, asthmatic and electrical gradient, light production, genetic information transfer
27
What does he do to an energy system
Produces more disorder, cells produce lots of heat as a side product, keeps our body at a warm temp, disorder goes into environment by heating up
28
What does the metabolism in our body do
Produces compound simpler than the initial fuel molecules: CO2, NH three, H2O, HP042-
29
What is the main energy currency
ATP
30
ATP equation
H2O + ATP4- -->ADP3- + PI 2- + H+
31
What does hydrolysis of ATP lead to
Water across bonds
32
What is metabolism
The overall network of enzyme catalyzed pathways both anabolic and catabolic. ATP and NAD are the connecting links between these pathways
33
Basic idea of metabolism
Organisms take an energy and break down to simple molecules
34
What allows for evolution
Changes in hereditary instructions
35
How does an error occur in DNA replication
A rare mistake during DNA replication duplicates the hexokinase gene, a second round mistake result in a mutation in the second hexokinase gene, one base changed which changes the amino acid, it's now uses substrate instead of a glucose and acts on other structures
36
What does life most likely evolved from
In early RNA world
37
Why do we have such complex cells
Ancestral cells involved mitochondria which is why we have more complex cells
38
What is water
A small Bent Mountain polar bonds
39
What can water molecules do with the protons
Can ionized, as protons to hop in aqueous solution explaining the high ionic mobility of H plus and solutions
40
What buffers in blood cells
Bicarbonate
41
What is the main buffering system in cells
Phosphate system
42
What happens when pH is equal to the pKa
It will be the same amount in both forms
43
What is so special about water
Strong intermolecular forces (hydrogen bonds) high melting and boiling point high heat of vaporization
44
Density of water as a liquid
Water molecules can be closer together so higher density, ice is a lower density
45
What are the hydrogen acceptors
Oxygen, nitrogen or very rarely flourine
46
What affects the solubility of salts in water
Driven by an increase in entropy, salt is more soluble in water than less polar solvents
47
Why do we care about the solubility of gas in the water
Higher temperatures will favor the gas phase which decreases the O2 content in the oceans and ponds which affects our aquatic life
48
How do non polar compounds interact with water
The non-polar groups will clump together
49
What are non-covalent interactions responsible for
binding of enzyme with the substrate
50
What is osmotic pressure
The force necessary to resist water movement
51
What does water do in a more concentrated solution
More water will move in
52
What are the building blocks of proteins
Amino acids
53
What is this zwitter ion
Neutral because it has one side protonated and one that is not, in the pH range of 3 to 10
54
In nature how are amino acids found
L
55
What holds together amino acids
Peptide bonds
56
What is a dihedral angle
Angle between plains formed by the back bone
57
What is PI
PH when the charge on the molecule is zero in between buffering zones
58
Order from protonated to least protonated
H3A+ <-->H2A<-->HA-<-->A2-

Biochem (4 decks)

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