BioChem_quiz 4_Cell Biology

Question 1

Cell Biology or cytology

Answer 1

the study of the structure and function of what happens inside cells and at the surface of cells, and how cells act and react with the environment inside and outside the cell.

Question 2

Biochemistry

Answer 2

language of the structure and function of what happens inside cells and at the surface of cells, and how cells act and react with the environment inside and outside the cell.

The actions of cellular life are dependent in part on the function of molecular chemistry. Thus we study OH (hydroxyl) and C=O (carbonyl) groups to learn how cells
function on the level of their parts.

Question 3

multicellular organisms

Answer 3

cells differentiate into sheets of like-minded cells with duplicate structure and function.

Question 4

tissues

Answer 4

sheets of like-minded cells with duplicate structure and function.

Question 5

plasmalemma or plasma membrane

Answer 5

how cells are seperated from their environment.

Question 6

what usually has a wall or capsule outside the plasmalemma for extra protection?

Answer 6

plants, bacteria, protozoa

Question 7

cytoplasm

Answer 7

the fluid and structure environment within the plasmalemma that all cells have

Question 8

what makes the cytoplasm?

Answer 8

Dissolved ions like Ca+2, Na+, K+, Cl– or cytosol, also a salty fluid.

Question 9

what are the genes that all cells have fro reproduction and life functions (except when it is removed)?

Answer 9

most often DNA, (deoxyribonucleic acid) but sometimes in viruses, RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Question 10

what are the two basic types of cells?

Answer 10

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Question 11

Prokaryotes

Answer 11

• Bacteria and viruses.

- Unicellular. Their genetic material is tethered together, but it floats freely in the cytoplasm of the cell.

Question 12

Eukaryotes

Answer 12

-Yeast, fungi, plants, animals, humans and protozoids.
-multicellular.
-Are more evolved creatures, and have a
separate cell nucleus (for DNA storage) encased by a nuclear membrane, all within the cytoplasm?
They are most often

Question 13

What are organelles?

Answer 13

They are micro organs in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. They perform many of the biochemical functions of the cells.

Question 14

What is the virus responsible for the common cold? (In chinese medicine this is wind-cold)

Answer 14

Rhinovirus/picornovirus

Question 15

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 15

Processes’ and modifies proteins.

Question 16

Mitochondrion

Answer 16

Where the cell makes energy. Highly oxidative environment.

Question 17

what is different about a plant cell from and animal cell?

Answer 17

-build cellulose cell walls outside their plasmalemma,
-usually have a large central vacuole which holds a supply of water, thus
providing turgidity.
-have chloroplasts which convert carbon
dioxide to oxygen.

Question 18

chlorophyll

Answer 18

the molecule which facilitates the production of

oxygen from carbon dioxide.

Question 19

chloroplasts

Answer 19

• similiar to mitochondrian
• mitochondrian consumes sugars
• chloroplasts make sugar

Question 20

what does a nucleus in a eukaryotic cell do?

Answer 20

stores its genetic material (DNA) and the structures used for cell division and protein synthesis.

Question 21

translation

Answer 21

occurs outside the nucleus. for making proteins

Question 22

transcription

Answer 22

occurs in organelle. for genetic code

Question 23

uninucleate.

Answer 23

Cells typically have one nucleus

Question 24

multinucleated

Answer 24

Huge cells like some plant cells, nerves and skeletal muscle cells will be multinucleated for increased efficiency

Question 25

anucleate

Answer 25

no nucleus. they have had their nucleus removed while maturing in the bone marrow. This is why they only live 3–4 months before they degrade and are recycled by the spleen and liver.

Question 26

nuclear envelope

Answer 26

is a double-layered membrane and contains pores which allow materials to selectively pass in or out of the nucleus, thus protecting the genes from the many activities of the cytoplasm.

Question 27

Chromatin

Answer 27

giant particles of tightly wound spools of DNA.

Question 28

2 types of chromatin

Answer 28

Euchromatin is less tightly packed and easily available for DNA transcription while Heterochromatin is chromatin not used by that cell, and packed to keep the genes conserved.

Question 29

nucleolus

Answer 29

a “factory” inside the nucleus which makes the organelles called ribosomes from rRNA and proteins.

Question 30

Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth and Rough)

Answer 30

The endoplasmic reticulum are the folded, convoluted network of lipid bilayer membranes that course throughout the cytoplasm. These membranes almost completely fill the cytoplasm. ER not only gives structure to the cell, but is a vast transportation and storage system and also gives enzymes contained spaces in which to work.

Question 31

cytoskeleton

Answer 31

holds lipid bilayer membranes in place

Question 32

rough ER

Answer 32

nothing more than Smooth ER with ribosomes embedded in the bilayer, giving a rough appearance on photomicrographs

Question 33

vacuole

Answer 33

storage chamber

Question 34

SER & RER

Answer 34

These membranes organize the interior of the cell, allow organized transport of molecular products like proteins and lipids;

Question 35

enzymes

Answer 35

manufacture necessary molecules like lipids, hormones, enzymes and carbohydrates

Question 36

cellular products

Answer 36

proteins,

Question 37

vacuoles

Answer 37

for storage and metabolism

Question 38

vesicles

Answer 38

which transport a product out of or around the cell

Question 39

RER

Answer 39

attaches ribosomes which produce proteins;

Question 40

SER

Answer 40

reorganize itself to form the Golgi complexes which modify protein products.

Question 41

golgi complex

Answer 41

modify protein products. flattened ER near the nucleus. It receives proteins, carbohydrates and lipids from ER manufacturies.

Question 42

what membranes reorganize to form the golgi complex?

Answer 42

ER

Question 43

exocytosis

Answer 43

tansported out of the cell.

Question 44

cis

Answer 44

close

Question 45

trans

Answer 45

far

Question 46

ribosomes

Answer 46

-organelles that manufacture proteins from translated genetic code and amino acids. -enzymatic action to produce proteins.

Question 47

active site

Answer 47

products enter and exit. is the location in an enzymewhere the enzyme catalyzes reactions.

Question 48

mitochondrian

Answer 48

a highly specialized organelle, with a double membrane. Evolutionary biologists theorize that the mitochondrion is a prokaryotic organism that began a symbiotic relationship within eukaryotic cells, and has evolved as an integral part of eukaryotes. It is not found in prokaryotes. - fuel burning energy-producing source of each cell.

Question 49

ATP

Answer 49

cellular fuel

Question 50

why is mitochondrion unique?

Answer 50

has its own simple loops of DNA, and reproduces itself by itself as necessary

Question 51

fission

Answer 51

division of inner and outer membrane. cells split after mitochondria replicate their DNA

Question 52

Vacuoles are vesicles

Answer 52

pinched off from ER and Golgi bodies and filled with a specific product. A vacuole is named depending on what is stored in them – for example, peroxisomes contain hydrogen peroxide

Question 53

what is endocytosis or phagocytosis?

Answer 53

- (remove and consume) | - a process in which the plasmalemma creates vacuoles for encapsulating external masses, surrounding a particle

Question 54

phagosome

Answer 54

- solid particles like protein or bacteria | - product of endocytosis or phagocytosis

Question 55

Exocytosis

Answer 55

- exit - when a vacuole fuses with the plasmalemma and releases its contents to the interstitial environment, such as releasing mucus or enzymes

Question 56

lysosomes

Answer 56

carry lysing enzymes that breaks down the substance

Question 57

catabolism.

Answer 57

The metabolic act of breaking down complex substances by enzymes into smaller molecules

Question 58

anabolism

Answer 58

The building processes of the cell that assembles structures and stores molecules

Question 59

cytoskeleton

Answer 59

gives a cell volume and structure. The skeleton | runs along the inner surface of the plasmalemma, and runs like columns through the cytoplasm.

Question 60

microtubules

Answer 60

- stiff protein tubes that assemble and disassemble as the cell's structural needs change. - repeating subunit of protein

Question 61

Intermediate and microfilaments

Answer 61

mostly composed of the proteind actin, which can stretch and contract the cell.

Question 62

how are tissues formed?

Answer 62

when cells adhere to each other

Question 63

tight junctions and desmosomes

Answer 63

these keep the cells together after they adhere to each other.

Question 64

lipid bilayer membranes

Answer 64

the primary structure of cells; phosopholipids, cholesterol, and embedded proteins.

Question 65

phospholipids

Answer 65

mostabundant molecule of membranes, and gives the membrane its primary properties.

Question 66

membranes

Answer 66

seperation, protect, selective transport

Question 67

non-polar

Answer 67

repel water

Question 68

polar

Answer 68

attracted to water. cytoplasm. interstitial fluid

Question 69

enzymes

Answer 69

myriad functions

Question 70

receptor proteins

Answer 70

bind hormones and trnsmitters

Question 71

channel proteins

Answer 71

selectively allows ions and molecules through the membrane — e.g. calcium must be transported

Question 72

carrier proteins

Answer 72

carries hormones or other molecules through the membrane — e.g. insulin is carried into cells

Question 73

carbohydrates

Answer 73

glycogen-based moieties operate as cell lubricants, adhesives, identifying markers (immune recognition) and receptors

Question 74

endocytosis

Answer 74

draws a particle in

Question 75

lysosomes

Answer 75

vacuoles filled with catabolic enzymes, fuse with the phagosomes, digest the particles, and the waste products will be excreted through the plasmalemma by exocytosis.

Question 76

Active Transport

Answer 76

means proteins on the surface use ATP to move molecules in and out of the cell.

Question 77

Passive Transport

Answer 77

proteins utilize natural chemical gradients of concentration or other properties to move molecules in and out of the cell without expending any energy.

Question 78

channel proteins

Answer 78

allow selective transport of ions, hormones, and molecules like glucose into or out of a cell. They are usually fueled by ATP and work against the concentration gradient. This is active transport.

Question 79

carrier proteins

Answer 79

move larger molecules than channels, and often use passive transport as well as active transport.

Question 80

Receptors

Answer 80

proteins which are the communication devices of the cell with the bloodstream and with its nearby tissue cells. They receive molecular signals from the exterior and communicate a message to the interior of the cell. _designed to sense specific molecular messengers--ligands

Question 81

ligand

Answer 81

- lodges in active site | - begins cascade of activities signaling the cell of changed conditions.