QUIZ 10 Energy generation I Flashcards
(27 cards)
The most significant difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes is
- use aerobic respiration to generate ATP
- utilize glycolysis, but as an initial step in aerobic respiration.
Glycolysis
does not require oxygen and is called anaerobic respiration
Photosynthesis in plants utilizes carbon dioxide and releases oxygen
the opposite of aerobic respiration
Chlorophyll
- most important molecule on Earth for maintaining life
- generates oxygen and consumes carbon dioxide.
“dysox theory.”
The consequence of cutting down forests is also a loss of oxygen in the planetary atmosphere as well as increase in carbon dioxide.
What are the two primary sources of fuel for aerobic respiration?
- glycolysis of sugars
- β-oxidation of fatty acids.
glycolysis produces?
2 pyruvic acid (pyruvate)
2 NADH
2 ATP
what happens in β-oxidation?
fatty acids are cut into acetyl groups and then attached to coenzyme A, which directly produces anabundance of ACA – acetyl coenzyme A.
What is the purpose of respiration?
To generate Atp.
What is aerobic respiration?
the process of burning carbon with oxygen in an exquisitely controlled way which, in a step-by-step manor, extracts as much ATP from the biological rendering of substrates.
How has mitochondrion evolved?
to create a concentration gradient between the matrix and the intermembrane space.
What is the inner membrane of the mitochondrian?
the cristae
What is the battery of the mitochondrion?
The inter-membrane space.
The goal of the Electron Transport Chain – Step 3 – is to fill the intermembrane spacewith H+ ions in high concentration. This creates a battery of sorts, a collection or potential of energy which will be utilized in Step 4 to power the manufacture of ATP.
What are porins?
Channel proteins on the outer membrane. They selectively allow small molecules like pyruvic acid or oxygen (O2) into the mitochondrion.
The inner membrane includes the cristae and is embedded with many types of molecules, including…
Cytochrome P450 series enzymes, Coenzyme Q10 and other enzymes of the electron transport chain, ATP synthase, and substrate/product transport proteins.
Where does aerobic respiration take place?
In the mitochondrion
The mitochondrion is a closed system that facilitates the generation of ATP.
Mitochondria carry loops of DNA in the matrix that are constantly coding for the enzymes and proteins needed in which processes?
β-Oxidation
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Four Steps of Aerobic Respiration
Step 1. Pyruvate Decarboxylation – matrix
Step 2. Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle – matrix
Step 3. Electron Transport Chain – cristae
Step 4. ADP to ATP Phosphorylation – cristae
Pyruvate Decarboxylation
- matrix
- the primary product of the metabolism of glucose in glycolysis
- has one carbon removed as CO2, hence the term decarboxylation
- this process releases one CO2 and one NADH
Krebs Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle
- matrix
- called citric acid cycle
- pupose: oxidize carbon from ACA
- to break down the 2-carbon (acetyl) pieces that enter into the cycle from ACA by reacting them with oxygen. This oxidative process releases energy from oxygen
- it burns carbon and makes energy carrier molecules
- it’s waste product is carbon dioxide
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
-cristae
-the energy from krebs cycle is passed here by energy carrier molecules and utilized in the ETC of enzymes
-These enzyme complexes move electrons (e–) to
power a build up of potential energy in the
mitochondrion, creating a battery of energy
–IMP–2 OXYGEN USES–>
At the conclusion of the ETC, oxygen is used again but to accept electrons at the end of the ETC. Therefore, in aerobic respiration oxygen is used in 2 different ways; it is burnt in one with carbon, and secondly is used as an electron acceptor, which ends creating water.
Oxidative Phosphorylation or ATP Synthase Phosphorylation
This process takes the battery created by the ETC and discharges it across the membrane back into the mitochondrial matrix through the enzyme ATP synthase.
What do we need ATP for?
– Driving enzymatic catalysis
– Driving membrane transport proteins
– Driving molecule and macromolecule manufacture (anabolism)
the important molecular players in ATP energy generation
Cofactors/Coenzymes – Ubiquinone – Coenzyme A – NAD+/NADH – FAD/FADH2 – Coenzyme Lipoamide – FMN (flavin mononucleotide)
Vitamins – Riboflavin (B2) -- FADH – Thiamine (B1) -- STEP 1 – Pantothenic Acid (B5) -- ACA – Niacin (B3) -- NADH
