BIOCHEMICAL ENERGY PRODUCTION 3

Question 1

• will provide the source of energy we need for all our activities such as thinking, moving, breathing, walking, talking, etc.
• Sum total of all chemical reactions in a living organism

Answer 1

Metabolism

Question 2

______________is also need for many of the cellular processes such as protein synthesis, DNA replication, RNA transcription and transport across the membrane, etc.

Answer 2

Energy

Question 3

Series of consecutive biochemical reactions used to convert a starting material into an end product

Answer 3

Metabolic Pathway:

Question 4

There are two types of metabolic pathways

Answer 4

o Linear
o Cyclic

Question 5

All metabolic reactions in which large biochemical molecules are broken down to smaller ones
o Usually energy is released in these reactions
o Example: Oxidation of glucose

Answer 5

Catabolism:

Question 6

All metabolic reactions in which small biochemical molecules are joined to form larger ones
o Usually require energy
o Example: The synthesis of proteins

Answer 6

Anabolism:

Question 7

Practice Exercise
* Classify each of the following chemical processes as anabolic or catabolic.

o Synthesis of a protein from amino acids -
o Formation of a triacylglycerol from glycerol and fatty acids -
o Hydrolysis of a polysaccharide to monosaccharides -
o Formation of a nucleic acid from nucleotides -

Answer 7

Anabolic
Anabolic
Catabolic
Anabolic

Question 8

• Single compartment organism
  o No nucleus – found only in bacteria
  o Single circular DNA molecule present near center of the cell called nucleoid

Answer 8

Prokaryotic Cell:

Question 9

• Multi-compartment cell
  o DNA is present in the membrane enclosed nucleus
  o Cell is compartmentalized into cellular organelles
  o ~1000 times larger than bacterial cells

Answer 9

Eukaryotic Cell:

Question 10

• DNA replication and RNA synthesis

Answer 10

Nucleus

Question 11

: Cellular boundary

Answer 11

Plasma membrane

Question 12

: The water-based material of a eukaryotic cell

Answer 12

Cytoplasm

Question 12

: Generates most of the energy needed for cell.

Answer 12

Mitochondria

Question 13

: Contain hydrolytic enzymes needed for cell rebuilding, repair and degradation

Answer 13

Lysosome

Question 14

: Sites for protein synthesis

Answer 14

Ribosome

Question 14

• An organelle that is responsible for the generation of most of the energy for a cell:
  o Outer membrane:
  o Inner membrane:

Answer 14

Mitochondria

Question 15

o Permeable to small molecules: 50% lipid, 50% protein

Answer 15

Outer membrane:

Question 16

• one phosphate group

Answer 16

Monophosphate (AMP):

Question 17

o Highly impermeable to most substances: 20% lipid, 80%
protein
o Synthesis of ATP occurs

Answer 17

Inner membrane:

Question 17

• Cyclic structure of phosphate

Answer 17

Cyclic monophosphate (cAMP):

Question 17

• Two phosphate groups

Answer 17

Diphosphate (ADP):

Question 17

• Key components of metabolic pathways

Answer 17

ADP and ATP:

Question 18

• Three phosphate groups

Answer 18

Triphosphate (ATP)

Question 19

• Structural component of RNA

Answer 19

AMP:

Question 20

* involved in carbohydrate metabolism

Answer 20

Uridine triphosphate (UTP)

Question 21

* involved in protein and carbohydrate metabolism

Answer 21

Guanosine triphosphate (GTP):

Question 22

* A derivative of vitamin B

Answer 22

Coenzyme A

Question 22

* involved in lipid metabolism

Answer 22

Cytidine triphosphate (CTP):

Question 23

o 2-Aminoethanethiol - pantothenic acid -phosphate - phosphate phosphorylated ribose - adenine

Answer 23

* Six Subunit structure:

Question 23

* A coenzyme required in numerous metabolic redox reactions

Answer 23

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)

Question 23

There are four general stages in the biochemical energy production process:

Answer 23

o Stage 1: Digestion o Stage 2: Acetyl group formation, o Stage 3: Citric acid cycle o Stage 4: electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation,

Question 24

* Three Subunit Structure:

Answer 24

o 2-Aminoethanethiol - pantothenic acid - phosphorylated ADP

Question 24

* A typical ______________ in which FAD serves as oxidizing agent involves conversion of an alkane to an alkene o FAD is oxidized form o FADH2 is reduced form o In enzyme reactions FAD goes back and forth (equilibrium) from oxidized to reduced form.

Answer 24

Cellular Reaction

Question 25

They contain at least one reactive bond called

Answer 25

strained bond

Question 25

* Begins in mouth (saliva contains starch digesting enzymes), continues in the stomach (gastric juice), completed in small intestine: o Results in small molecules that can cross intestinal membrane into the blood * The digestion products are absorbed into the blood and transported to body’s cells

Answer 25

Stage 1. Digestion

Question 25

* Takes place in inside the mitochondria * First intermediate of the cycle is citric acid – therefore disgniated as Citric acid cycle * In this stage acetyl group is oxidized to produce CO2 and energy

Answer 25

Stage 4. Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 25

* The small molecules from Stage 1 are further oxidized. * End product of these oxidations is acetyl CoA * Involves numerous reactions:

Answer 25

Stage 2. Acetyl Group Formation

Question 25

* A series of biochemical reactions in which the acetyl portion of acetyl CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide and the reduced coenzymes FADH2 and NADH are produced

Answer 25

Citric acid cycle:

Question 25

The ___________________ facilitates the passage of electrons trapped in FADH2 and NADH during citric cycle

Answer 25

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Question 26

is a series of biochemical reactions in which intermediate carriers (protein and non-protein) aid the transfer of electrons and hydrogen ions from NADH and FADH2

Answer 26

ETC

Question 27

* NADH from citric acid cycle is the source of electrons for this complex * It contains >40 subunits including flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and several iron- sulfur protein clusters (FeSP)

Answer 27

Complex 1: NADH-Coenzyme Q Reductase

Question 28

* Smaller than complex I * Contains only four subunits including two iron-sulfur protein clusters (FeSP)

Answer 28

Complex II: Succinate-coenzyme Q Reductase

Question 28

* Complex III contains 11 different subunits * Several iron-sulfur proteins and cytochromes are electron carriers in this complex

Answer 28

Complex III: Coenzyme Q – Cytochrome c Reductase

Question 29

* Contains 13 subunits including two cytochromes * The electrons flow from cyt c to cyt a to cyt a3

Answer 29

Complex IV: Cytochrome c Oxidase

Question 30

Practice Exercise * With which of the four complexes in the electron transport chains is each of the following events associated? (There may be more than one correct answer in a given situation.) o The metal iron is present in the form of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions. - o FADH2 is needed as a reactant. – Complex II o The metal copper is present in the form of Cu+ and Cu2+ ions. – Complex IV o Cytochromes are needed as reactants. – Complexes III and IV

Answer 30

o Complexes I, II, III, and IV o Complex II o Complex IV o Complexes III and IV

Question 31

– process by which ATP is synthesized from ADP and Pi using the energy released in the electron transport chain.

Answer 31

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 32

-- are pairs of biochemical reactions that occur concurrently in which energy released by one reaction is used in the other reaction

Answer 32

Coupled Reactions

Question 33

* The cycling of ______________ in metabolic processes is the principal medium for energy exchange in biochemical processes

Answer 33

ATP and ADP