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Biology Exam Review > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four main groups of organic molecules (macromolecules)

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic Acids

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2
Q

What are functional groups? What do the number and arrangement do?

A
  • Functional groups are components of organic molecules most commonly involved in chemical reactions
  • The number and arrangement of functional groups give each molecule its unique set of properties
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3
Q

What does ATP stand for? What is it?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate, it’s the primary energy transferring molecule in the cell

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4
Q

Dehydration reaction (synthesize or breakdown of a polymer?)

A

Synthesizing a polymer, removes water molecule so forms new bond

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5
Q

Hydrolysis (synthesize or breakdown of a polymer?)

A

Breaking down a polymer, adds water molecule, breaks a bond

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6
Q

What is the structure of carbohydrate polymers?

A

Carbohydrate polymers may be linear/branched

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7
Q

How are monosaccharides held together

A

Monosaccharides are held together by glycosidic bonds

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8
Q

Carbohydrates include:

A

sugars and the polymers of sugar

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9
Q

Simplest Carbohydrates:

A

sugars/simple sugars

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10
Q

Polysaccharides:

A

Carbohydrate molecules

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11
Q

What do monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides include?

A

Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharides: sucrose, maltose, lactose
Polysaccharides: starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin

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12
Q

What is the function of Carbohydrates? (Polysaccharides)

A

Storage (α):

Starch (Amylase): Plants
Glycogen: Animals, liver and muscle cells

Structure (β)

Cellulose: Plant cell walls
Chitin: exoskeletons of arthropods and fungi cell walls

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13
Q

Functional groups of carbohydrates:

A

Hydroxyl (-OH) and Carboxyl (-COOH)

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14
Q

Carbohydrate isomers:

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

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15
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

Defense, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement and structural support

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16
Q

What determines the function in proteins?

A

Protein shape determines function

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17
Q

Polypeptide:

A

Chain of amino acids

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18
Q

What determines how the protein will fold into its 3D structure?

A

The properties of the amino acids of a polypeptide determine how the protein will fold into its functional 3-dimensional structure

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19
Q

What determines the structure/function of a region of a protein?

A

The interactions of the R groups of amino acids determine the structure/function of that region of the protein

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20
Q

How can protein shape cause a disease?

A

Misfolded proteins may cause disease

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21
Q

Protein folding:
What are the 4 levels of structures of proteins? What happens in each level?

A
  1. Primary structure: chain of amino acids (polypeptide chain)
  2. Secondary structure: polypeptides are held together by H-bonds (forms alpha helix and beta pleated sheet)
  3. Tertiary structure: 3-dimensional folding pattern due to side chain interactions
  4. Quaternary structure: functional protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain
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22
Q

How are amino acids grouped? What are the groups?

A

Amino acids are grouped according to the properties of their side chains

  • Hydrophobic (non-polar)
  • Hydrophilic (polar)
  • Ionic (electrically charged)
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23
Q

How are multiple amino acids held together by?

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A

Multiple amino acids are held together by peptide bonds

24
Q

What are Lipids?

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A

Lipids are hydrophobic and don’t form true polymers

25
What are the three types of Lipids?
Fats, Phospholipids and Steroids
26
What determines the structure/function of lipids?
Differences in saturation determine the structure/function of lipids
27
Types of fats:
Saturated: solid at room temperature, single covalent bond Unsaturated: liquid at room temperature, double covalent bond
28
Phospholipids:
Major component of the cell membrane
29
What is the steroid structure like?
Steroids: carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
30
The 3 steroid hormones are:
Estrogen, Testosterone and Cortisol
31
What is cholesterol?
Cholesterol is a component of animal cell membranes but high cholesterol blood levels may contribute to cardiovascular disease
32
What is the relationship between cholesterol and the lipid bilayer?
Cholesterol helps the lipid bilayer stay fluid in different environmental conditions
33
What are the monomers of fats?
Fatty Acids
34
What are triglycerides composed of? How many types are there?
Triglyceride: 3 fatty acids + glycerol 3 types: saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated
35
What are the 2 types of nucleic acids?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
36
What do DNA and RNA contain?
DNA: Deoxyribose, double stranded, Thymine RNA: Ribose, single stranded, Uracil
37
What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
38
What are nucleotides composed of?
Nitrogenous base + 5-carbon sugar + phosphate group
39
How are nucleotides joined together?
Nucleotides are joined together by covalent bonds
40
Purines pair with Pyrimidines:
Thymine/Uracil + Adenine: 2 H-bonds Cytosine + Guanine: 3-H bonds
41
What is ATP (regarding nucleic acids)? What is it composed of?
ATP is a nucleic acid, composed of a: adenine nitrogenous base + 5-carbon ribose sugar + 3 phosphate groups
42
What influences the structure/function of nucleic acids?
Directionality influences the structure/function of nucleic acids
43
What does the cell membrane do?
Separates the cell from the extracellular fluid
44
What does the cell membrane have?
Has a semi-fluid phospholipid bilayer with a variety of molecules imbedded and attached to the phospolipid
45
How can phospholipids aggregate? What kind of forces are the held together by?
Phospholipids can aggregate in micelles or bilayers held together by Van Der Waals forces
46
What 4 factors affect the fluidity of the cell membrane? How does each one affect fluidity?
- Temperature - hot is faster and cold is slower - Tail length - longer fatty acids have more intermolecular attractions and hold tighter together so LESS FLUID - Presence of cholesterol - room temp and higher: increases intermolecular forces so LESS FLUID - lower temp: breaks up the gel-like state of the phospholipids so MORE FLUID - Double bonds in fatty acid tails - form kinks so MORE FLUID
47
What is the function of peripheral proteins (inside and outside) ?
INSIDE: helps stabilize the cell membrane by attaching to the cytoskeleton OUTSIDE: helps hold adjacent cells together
48
What are integral proteins involved in?
Involved in transporting substances in/out the cell
49
What are the 2 transport mechanisms?
Passive and Active transport
50
What is passive transport?
Movement of molecules/ions across the cell membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration without an energy input (DOWN CONCENTRATION GRADIENT)
51
What is facilitated diffusion?
Its a type of diffusion and it's the transport using a membrane protein down the concentration gradient for that ion/molecule
52
What is osmosis?
Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration without an energy input
53
What is active transport?
Movement of a solute across the cell membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration that requires an energy input (ATP )(AGAINST CONCENTRATION GRADIENT)
54
What does primary active transport use?
Uses ATP to move molecules/ions
55
What does secondary active transport use?
Uses a difference in charge to transport other molecules
56
What do channel proteins create?
Channel proteins: create hydrophilic holes in the cell membrane, facilitating the transport of substances down the concentration gradient
57
What are carrier proteins involved in?
Carrier proteins: involved in transporting substances in/out the cell and down/up the concentration gradient

Biology Exam Review (5 decks)

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