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Medicine For Engineers Part 1 > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Explain Homeostasis

A

Homeostasis

  • Homeostasis is that property of a system, especially a living organism, which regulates its internal environment so as to maintain a stable, constant condition.
  • Multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments, controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms, make homeostasis possible.
  • Means “unchanging” but dynamic - Balance, Equilibrium, Stability
  • Swedish: Jämvikt
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2
Q

Give examples of trade offs that are included in Homeostasis

A

Homeostasis

  • Body temperature
  • Nutrients
  • Oxygen levels
  • Water content
  • Salinity
  • pH Acid/Base
  • Energy
  • Blood glucose
  • Blood Pressure
  • Calcium
  • …
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3
Q

Explain the meaning of Feedback systems

A

Feedback systems

  • To keep homeostasis
  • On all levels from cells to organ systems
  • Nerves and endocrine systems
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4
Q

Describe basic chain of reactions for Feedback Systems

A

Basic chain of reactions for Feedback Systems

  1. Stimulus
  2. Monitoring/Receptors
  3. Control Center
  4. Action/Effectors
  5. Response
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5
Q

What is Biochemistry?

A

Biochemistry

  • Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes and transformations in living organisms.
  • It deals with the structure and function of cellular components, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules.
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6
Q

Which are the main chemical elements in the human body?

A

Chemical elements in the human body

  • Oxygen - O - 65%
  • Carbon - C - 18.5%
  • Hydrogen - H - 9.5 %
  • Nitrogen - N - 3.2 %
  • Other - 3.8%

(Top five => 96%)

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7
Q

Which are the chemical elements included in the 3.8 % referred to as others?

A

Others…

  • Calcium - Ca - 1.5 %
  • Phosphor - P - 1 %
  • Potassium - K - 0.35 %
  • Sulfur - S - 0.25 %
  • Sodium - Na - 0.2 %
  • Chlorine - Cl - 0.2 %
  • Magnesium - Mg - 0.1 %
  • Iron - Fe - 0.005%
  • Trace elements - 0.2 %
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8
Q

Give example of trace elements and how large amount of the chemical elements they comprise.

A

Trace element is approximately 0.2% of the chemical elements

Examples:

  • Aluminium
  • Boron
  • Chromium
  • Cobalt
  • Zinc
  • Cobolt
  • Copper
  • Fluorine
  • Tin
  • Vanadium
  • Iodine
  • Manganese
  • Molybdenum
  • Selenium
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9
Q

Name a major classification of chemical compounds?

A

Inorganic and organic compunds

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10
Q

Give example of Inorganic compounds

A

Inorganic compounds

  1. Water
  2. Acid (ex. HCl)
  3. Bases (ex. KOH)
  4. Salt (ex. KCl)
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11
Q

Give examples of pH for Inorganic compounds

A

pH-levels for Inorganic compounds

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12
Q

Explain why and how Iodine deficiency appears

A

Iodine (I) deficiency

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13
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

Blood has a pH of 7.35-7.45

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14
Q

Give examples of Organic Compounds

A

Organic Compunds

  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Nucleic Acids
  4. Proteins
  5. ATP
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15
Q

What is the main molecular form of Carbohydrates

A

Carbohydrates

Cn(H2O)n

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16
Q

What are the main classification of Carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrates

  1. Monosaccharides
  2. Disaccharides
  3. Polysaccharides
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17
Q

Give examples of Monosaccharides

A

Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides

  1. Glucose (energy source)
  2. Fructose
  3. Galactose
  4. Ribose (RNA)
  5. Deoxyribose (DNA)
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18
Q

Give examples of Disaccharides

A

Carbohydrates Dissacharides

  1. Sucrose (glucose, fructose)
  2. Maltose (glucose, glucose)
  3. Lactose (glucose, galactoes)
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19
Q

Explain Hypolactasia

A

Lactose intolerance - Hypolactasia

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20
Q

Give examples of Polysaccharides

A

Carbohydrate - Polysaccharides (40-3000)

  1. Glycogen (glucose)
  2. Starches (glucose)
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21
Q

What are the main chemical elements in lipids and name a special feature of lipids.

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A

Lipids

Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O)

Lipids have a hydrophobic property

22
Q

Name some main classification of Lipids

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A

Lipids

  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids
  • Steroids, Fatty acids, Vitamins, Eicosanoids
23
Q

Explain Triglycerides

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A

Triglycerides

  • Fats and oils (solid or liquid at RT)
  • High Energy - Unlimited storage capacity
  • Glycerol Molecule + Three Fatty Acid molecules
  • The Fatty Acids may be:
    • Saturated
    • Monounsaturated
    • Polyunsaturated
24
Q

Give example of foods that contain Triglycerides and their main classification.

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A

Triglycerides - Food

25
Describe Phospholipids
Phospholipids - Lipids * Phosphate group + Non-polar tails * Play an important role in cell membranes
26
Give three examples of arrangement of phospholipids in membranes
Phospholipids in membranes
27
Briefly explain the structure of steroids. Which are the fat-soluble vitamins?
Steroids
28
Which are the Nucleic Acids?
Nucleic Acids 1. DNA 2. RNA
29
What is the composition of a nucleotide
Nucleotide 1. Nitrogenous bases 2. Deoxyribose 3. Phosphate group (PO43-)
30
Name the bases for DNA
Bases for DNA 1. A = Adenine 2. G = Guanine 3. T = Thymine 4. C = Cytosine
31
Explain some brief properties of DNA
DNA 1. Double stranded 2. In nucleus - genetic information 3. Gene - about 3000 nucleotides 4. Replicates before cell division 5. Basic instructions for building proteins
32
Explain some brief properties of RNA
RNA 1. Single stranded 2. Outside nucleus 3. Molecular slave of DNA 4. mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
33
Give som examples of Protein functions
Protein functions 1. Support 2. Movement 3. Transport 4. Buffering 5. Metabolic regulation - enzymes 6. Coordination/Control - hormones 7. Defense - Antibodies/clotting
34
What is the basic structure of Proteins?
Proteins
35
Explain formation of Proteins
Formation of Proteins
36
How does the primary structure of Protein looks like?
Primary structure Protein
37
Describe the secondary, tertiary and quatenary structure of Proteins
Proteins
38
Which protein is affected by Sickle Cell Anemia?
Sickle Cell Anemia - Hemoglobin
39
What are the organical structure of ATP
ATP - Adenosine triphosphate * Adenosine (Adenine + Ribose) + three phosphate groups * (ADP = Adenosine + two phosphate groups)
40
Explain the Energy transfer between ADP and ATP
ATP to ADP
41
What are the main Transports across the plasma membrane?
Transport across the plasma membrane * Passive Transports * Diffusion * Simple diffusion * Facilitated diffusion * Osmosis * Active Transport * Primary Active Transport * Secondary Active Transport * Transport in Vesicles
42
Explain Diffusion
Transport across the plasma membrane - Diffusion Can be simple or facilitated Occurs with O2, CO2, fatty acids, steroids, fat solulable vitamines ADEK
43
Explain Simple Diffusion
Passive Transport - Simple Diffusion
44
Explain Facilitated Diffusion
Passive Transport - Facilitated Diffusion * A membrane protein assists a specific substance across the membrane, down a concentration gradient. ex glucose, fructose, urea, vitamins
45
Explain Osmosis
Passive transport - Osmosis Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two side
46
Explain the terms Isotonic, Hypotonic and Hypertonic.
Passive Transport Osmosis * An isotonic solution refers to two solutions having the same osmotic pressure across a semipermeable membrane. This state allows for the free movement of water across the membrane without changing the concentration of solutes on either side * In a hypotonic solution the total molar concentration of all dissolved solute particles is less than that of another solution or less than that of a cell. * In a hypertonic solution the total molar concentration of all dissolved solute particles is greater than that of another solution, or greater than the concentration in a cell.
47
Explain Primary Active Transport
Primary Active Transport * Requires energy * 40% of the energy needs of a Cell (ATP) * Primary 1 foremost Ions Na+ K + H+ Ca2+ , Cl- * The Na+/K+ pump * Important for osmotic balance and electrical signals.
48
Explain Secondary Active Transport
Secondary Active Transport * Secondary * Indirect use of energy * Antiport or symport * Amino acids, ions, glucose
49
Explain Vesicular transport
Vesicular transport - Bud off a membrane, requires use of ATP - Endocytosis- fagocytosis/pinocytosis - Exocytosis
50
Explain Endocytosis
Endocytosis Endocytosis' active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell (endo- + cytosis) by engulfing them in an energy-using process. * Endocytosis - fagocytosis/pinocytosis * Fagocytosis – big particles eg. dead cells, bacteria, virus * Pinocytosis – Small particles
51
Explain Exocytosis
Exocytosis Exocytosis is a form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) out of the cell (exo- + cytosis) by expelling them in an energy-using process. * Waste or important products from the cell * Nerve cells * Secretory cells
52

Medicine For Engineers Part 1 (6 decks)

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