Tissues

Question 1

Name the four basic types of Body Tissues

Answer 1

Body tissues are classified into four basic types based on their structure and functions:

1. Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces;
   lines body cavities, hollow organs, and ducts (tubes); and forms glands.
2. Connective tissue protects and supports the body and its organs, binds organs together, stores energy reserves as fat, and provides immunity.
3. Muscular tissue generates the physical force needed to make body structures move.
4. Nervous tissue detects changes inside and outside the body and initiates and transmits nerve impulses (action potentials) that coordinate body activities to help maintain homeostasis.

Question 2

Which are the two main types of Epithelial tissue?

Answer 2

Epithelial tissue

1. Covering and lining epithelium
2. Glandular epithelium
3. Covering and lining epithelium forms the outer covering of the skin and the outer covering of some internal organs. It also lines body cavities; blood vessels; ducts; and the interiors of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. It makes up, along with nervous tissue, the parts of the sense organs for hearing, vision, and touch.
4. Glandular epithelium makes up the secreting portion of glands, such as sweat glands.

Question 3

Name the properties of the Epithelial cell

Answer 3

Epithelial cell - Properties

a. Membrane specializations
b. Tight connections
c. Polarized
d. Anchored to the extracellular matrix (ECM)
e. High mitotic activity (delar sig ofta)
f. Lack blood vessels
g. Sensory information – nerves
h. Cellularity

Question 4

Explain Membrane specializations of Epithelial cells

Answer 4

Membrane specializations Epithelial cells

Question 5

Explain tight connections/always a free surface of Epithelial cells

Answer 5

Tight connections/always a free surface

Epithelial cells are tightly connected Cell-cell-adhesion

Adhesion – proteins are anchored to the cytoskeleton

Epithelial cells can communicate through GAPjunctions

Explanation:

Epithelial cells have an apical (free) surface, which is exposed to a body cavity, lining of an internal organ, or
the exterior of the body; lateral surfaces, which face adjacent cells on either side; and a basal surface, which is attached to a basement membrane. In discussing epithelia with multiple layers, the term apical layer refers
to the most superficial layer of cells, whereas the term
basal layer refers to the deepest layer of cells. The basement membrane is a thin extracellular structure composed mostly of protein fibers. It is located between the epithelium and the underlying connective tissue layer and helps bind and support the epithelium

Question 6

Explain Polarized Epithelial Cells

Answer 6

Epithelial cells are polarized

Question 7

Explain Anchored to the extracellular matrix (ECM) - Epithelial Cells

Answer 7

Anchored to the extracellular matrix (ECM)

Question 8

Explain High mitotic activity for Epithelial cells

Answer 8

Explain High mitotic activity (cell division) for Epithelial cells

Because epithelium is subject to a certain amount of wear
and tear and injury, it has a high capacity for renewal by
cell division.

Question 9

Explain the meaning of that Epithelia cells are avascular.

Answer 9

Epithelia are avascular (a- without; vascular blood
vessels); that is, they lack blood vessels. The vessels that
supply nutrients to and remove wastes from epithelia are
located in adjacent connective tissues. The exchange of
materials between epithelium and connective tissue occurs by diffusion.

Question 10

How does Epithelia cells conduct Sensory information

Answer 10

Sensory information Epithelia cells

Epithelia have a nerve supply.

Question 11

Explain Cellularity Epithelial Cells

Answer 11

Cellularity Epithelial Cells

Epithelium consists largely or entirely of closely packed
cells with little extracellular material between them, and
the cells are arranged in continuous sheets, in either single or multiple layers.

Question 12

What are the functions of Epithelial Tissue?

Answer 12

Epithelial tissues - Functions

1. Barrier / Physical protection /(abrasion, dehydration, destruction)
2. Control permeability – absorption/secretion, gas exchange - everything
3. Reduce friction – water secretion
4. Provide sensation
5. Cleaning – movement of fluids over surface
6. Secretion - glands

Question 13

Explain the classification of epithelial tissue

Answer 13

Classification of epithelial tissue

Question 14

Explain the differences between Simple epithelium, Pseudostratified epithelium & Stratified epithelium?

Answer 14

Simple epithelium, Pseudostratified epithelium & Stratified epithelium

1. Simple epithelium is a single layer of cells that functions in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, and absorption. Secretion is the production and release of substances such as mucus, sweat, or enzymes. Absorption is the intake of fluids or other substances such as digested food from the intestinal tract.
2. Pseudostratified epithelium (pseudo- false) appears to have multiple layers of cells because the cell nuclei lie at different levels and not all cells reach the apical surface. Cells that do extend to the apical surface may contain cilia; others (goblet cells) secrete mucus. Pseudostratified epithelium is actually a simple epithelium because all of its cells rest on the basement membrane.
3. Stratified epithelium (stratum layer) consists of two or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissues in locations where there is considerable wear and tear.

Question 15

Describe Simple Squamous Epithelium

Answer 15

Simple Squamous Epithelium - Covering and Lining Epithelium

Description: Single layer of flat cells; centrally located nucleus.

Location: Lines heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, air sacs of lungs, glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule of kidneys, and inner surface of the tympanic membrane (eardrum); forms epithelial layer of serous membranes (mesothelium), such as the peritoneum.

Function: Filtration, diffusion, osmosis, and secretion in serous membranes.

Question 16

Describe Simple cuboidal epithelium.

Answer 16

Simple cuboidal epithelium - Covering and Lining Epithelium

Description: Single layer of cube-shaped cells; centrally located nucleus.

Location: Lines kidney tubules and smaller ducts of many glands, makes up the secreting portion of some glands such as the thyroid gland, covers surface of ovary, lines anterior surface of capsule of the lens of the eye, and forms the pigmented epithelium at the posterior surface of the eye.

Function: Secretion and absorption.

Question 17

Describe Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

Answer 17

Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium - Covering and Lining Epithelium

Description: Single layer of nonciliated column-like cells with nuclei near bases of cells; contains goblet cells and cells with microvilli in some locations.

Location: Lines most of the gastrointestinal tract (from the stomach to the anus), ducts of many glands, and gallbladder.

Function: Secretion and absorption.

Question 18

Describe Ciliated simple columnar epithelium.

Answer 18

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium - Covering and Lining Epithelium

Description: Single layer of ciliated column-like cells with nuclei near bases; contains goblet cells in some
locations.

Location: Lines a few portions of upper respiratory tract, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, some paranasal sinuses, and central canal of spinal cord.

Function: Moves mucus and other substances by ciliary action.

Question 19

Describe Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Answer 19

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium - Covering and Lining Epithelium

Description: Not a true stratified tissue; nuclei of cells are at different levels; all cells are attached to basement
membrane, but not all reach the apical surface.

Location: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lines the airways of most of upper respiratory tract; pseudostratified nonciliated columnar epithelium lines larger ducts of many glands, epididymis, and part of male urethra.

Function: Secretion and movement of mucus by ciliary action (ciliated); absorption and protection (nonciliated).

Question 20

Describe Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Answer 20

Stratified Squamous Epithelium - Covering and Lining Epithelium

Description: Several layers of cells; cuboidal to columnar shape in deep layers; squamous cells form the apical layer and epithelium several layers deep to it; cells from the basal layer replace surface cells as they are lost.

Location: Keratinized variety forms superficial layer of skin; nonkeratinized variety lines wet surfaces, such as lining of the mouth, esophagus, part of epiglottis, part of pharynx, and vagina, and covers the tongue.

Function: Protection.

Question 21

Describe Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Answer 21

Stratified cuboidal epithelium - Covering and Lining Epithelium

Description: Two or more layers of cells in which cells in the apical layer are cube-shaped.

Location: Ducts of adult sweat glands and esophageal glands and part of male urethra.

Function: Protection and limited secretion and absorption.

Question 22

Describe Stratified columnar epithelium

Answer 22

Stratified columnar epithelium - Covering and Lining Epithelium

Description: Several layers of irregularly shaped cells; only the apical layer has columnar cells.

Location: Lines part of urethra, large excretory ducts of some glands such as esophageal glands, small areas in anal mucous membrane, and a part of the conjunctiva of the eye.

Function: Protection and secretion.

Question 23

Describe Transitional Epithelium

Answer 23

Transitional epithelium - Covering and Lining Epithelium

Description: Appearance is variable (transitional); shape of cells in apical layer ranges from squamous (when stretched) to cuboidal (when relaxed).

Location: Lines urinary bladder and portions of ureters and urethra.

Function: Permits distention

Question 24

Describe Endocrine glands - Glandular Epithelium

Answer 24

Endocrine glands - Glandular Epithelium

Description: Secretory products (hormones) diffuse into blood after passing through interstitial fluid.

Location: Examples include pituitary gland at base of brain, pineal gland in brain, thyroid and parathyroid glands near larynx (voice box), adrenal glands superior to kidneys, pancreas near stomach, ovaries in pelvic cavity, testes in scrotum, and thymus in thoracic cavity.

Function: Produce hormones that regulate various body activities.

Question 25

Describe Exocrine glands - Glandular Epithelium

Answer 25

Exocrine glands - Glandular Epithelium ## Footnote Description: Secretory products released into ducts. Location: Sweat, oil, and earwax glands of the skin; digestive glands such as salivary glands, which secrete into mouth cavity, and pancreas, which secretes into the small intestine. Function: Produce substances such as sweat, oil, earwax, saliva, or digestive enzymes

Question 26

Which are the different types of Glandular epithelium?

Answer 26

Glandular epithelium 1. Endocrine (ductless) /Exocrine 2. Merocrine/ Holocrine (Apocrine) 3. Simple/compound – tubular, alveolar, tuboalveolar

Question 27

What are the three different types of muscle tissue?

Answer 27

Muscle tissue 1. Skeletal Musle Tissues 2. Cardiac Musle Tissues 3. Smooth Muscle Tissues

Question 28

Describe Skeletal Muscle Cells

Answer 28

Skeletal Muscle Cells 1. Long 2. Connected to bones 3. Striated 4. Voluntary 5. More than one nucleus 6. Surrounded by connective tissues 7. Rich blood supply

Question 29

Another word for Muscle Cell

Answer 29

Muscle Cell = Muscle Fiber

Question 30

Explain Epimysium

Answer 30

Epimysium ## Footnote The epimysium is the fibrous tissue envelope that surrounds skeletal muscle. It is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue which ensheathes the entire muscle and protects muscles from friction against other muscles and bones. It is continuous with fascia and other connective tissue wrappings of muscle including the endomysium and perimysium. It is also continuous with tendons, where it becomes thicker and collagenous.

Question 31

Explain Perimysium – Fasicle

Answer 31

Perimysium – Fasicle ## Footnote Perimysium is a sheath of connective tissue that groups muscle fibers into bundles (anywhere between 10 and 100 or more) or fascicles. Recent advances in muscle physiology suggest that the perimysium plays a role in transmitting lateral contractile movements. This hypothesis is strongly supported in one exhibition of the existence of "Perimysial Junctional Plates" in ungulate Flexor carpi radialis muscles constructed by E Passerieux. The overall comprehensive organization of the perimysium collagen network, as well as its continuity and disparateness, however, have still not been observed and described thoroughly everywhere within the muscle.

Question 32

Explain Endomysium

Answer 32

Endomysium ## Footnote The endomysium, meaning within the muscle, is a wispy layer of areolar connective tissue that ensheaths each individual myocyte (muscle fiber, or muscle cell). It also contains capillaries and nerves. It overlies the muscle fiber's cell membrane: the sarcolemma. Endomysium is the deepest and smallest component of muscle connective tissue. This thin layer helps provide an appropriate chemical environment for the exchange of calcium, sodium, and potassium, which is essential for the excitation and subsequent contraction of a muscle fiber. Endomysium combines with perimysium and epimysium to create the collagen fibers of tendons, providing the tissue connection between muscles and bones by indirect attachment.

Question 33

Which proteins play a vital part in the contraction of skeletal muscles?

Answer 33

Muscle filaments actin - myosin

Question 34

Explain the process of muscle contraction

Answer 34

Muscle contraction actin – myosin - ATP

Question 35

Explain the function of Troponine / tropomyosine in muscle contraction

Answer 35

Troponine / tropomyosine och calcium

Question 36

Explain Neuromuscular junctions

Answer 36

Neuromuscular junction A neuromuscular junction (or myoneural junction) is a chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. It is at the neuromuscular junction that a motor neuron is able to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction.

Question 37

Explain Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

Answer 37

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is a membrane bound structure found within muscles cells, that is similar to the endoplasmic reticulum in other cells. The main function of the SR is to store calcium (Ca2+). Calcium levels are kept relatively constant, with the concentration of calcium within a cell being 100,000 times smaller than the concentration of calcium outside the cell. This means that small increases in calcium within the cell are easily detected and can bring about important cellular changes (the calcium is said to be a second messenger)

Question 38

Describe Cardiac muscle cells

Answer 38

Cardiac muscle cells 1. Branched, short 2. In the heart 3. Striated 4. Not voluntary - involuntary 5. One nucleus (usually) 6. Have intercalated discs – gap junctions

Question 39

Describe Smooth muscles

Answer 39

Smooth muscles 1. Short 2. Airways, blood vessels etc. 3. No sarcomeres - not striated 4. Not voluntary 5. One nucleus

Question 40

What are the main functions of Muscle Tissue

Answer 40

Functions – Muscle Tissue ## Footnote 1. Posture and volume of organs 2. Movement – body, substances 3. Body temperature - heat

Question 41

Tissues – Epithelial och Muscle?

Answer 41

Tissues – Epithelial och Muscle Epithelial tissues * Covers , secretory function * Barrier, Permeability, Friction * Classification Muscle tissues * Movement, Posture, Transport * Skeletal- Cardiac and Smooth muscles * The Sarcomere and initiation of a m. contraction

Question 42

What are the major structures of the nervous system?

Answer 42

The nervous system includes the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses, and sensory receptors.

Question 43

Which are the main components of the CNS?

Answer 43

Central Nervous System ## Footnote The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the **brain** and **spinal cord**. The CNS processes many different kinds of incoming sensory information. It is also the source of thoughts, emotions, and memories. Most nerve impulses that stimulate muscles to contract and glands to secrete originate in the CNS.

Question 44

Which are the main components of the PNS and further subdivisions?

Answer 44

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes all nervous tissue outside the CNS. Components of the PNS include **cranial nerves and their branches, spinal nerves and their branches, ganglia, and sensory receptors.** The PNS may be subdivided further into a somatic nervous system (SNS) | (somat- body), an autonomic nervous system (ANS) (auto- self; -nomic law), and an enteric nervous system (ENS) (enter- intestines)

Question 45

Give an overview of the different organizational structures of the nervous system

Answer 45

Nervous system

Question 46

Which are the two main types of cells involved in Nervous Tissue?

Answer 46

Nervous Tissue * Neurons * Glial cells

Question 47

Name three important properties of Nervous tissue

Answer 47

Properties – Nervous tissue ## Footnote 1. Sensitive to stimuli - sensory 2. Transfer stimuli into nerve signals - integrative 3. Transfer nerve signals to other nerves, muscles or glands – motor function

Question 48

List 5 functions of the Nervous Tissue

Answer 48

Functions – Nervous tissue 1. Maintain homeostasis 2. Perception 3. Behaviors 4. Memories 5. Voluntary movements

Question 49

Structural Classification of Neurons

Answer 49

1. Multipolar neurons usually have several dendrites and one axon . Most neurons in the brain and spinal cord are of this type. 2. Bipolar neurons have one main dendrite and one axon. They are found in the retina of the eye, in the inner ear, and in the olfactory (olfact to smell) area of the brain. 3. Unipolar neurons have dendrites and one axon that are fused together to form a continuous process that emerges

Question 50

Explain the Functions of Neurons

Answer 50

Functions of Neurons 1. Sensory or afferent neurons ( af- toward; -ferrent carried ) either contain sensory receptors at their distal ends (dendrites) or are located just after sensory receptors that are separate cells.Once an appropriate stimulus activates a sensory receptor, the sensory neuron forms an action potential in its axon and the action potential is conveyed into the CNS through cranial or spinal nerves. Most sensory neurons are unipolar in structure. 2. Motor or efferent neurons ( ef- away from) convey action potentials away from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands) in the periphery (PNS) through cranial and spinal nerves. Most motor neurons are multipolar in structure. 3. Interneurons or association neurons are mainly located within the CNS between sensory and motor neurons. Interneurons integrate (process) incoming sensory information from sensory neurons and then elicit a motor response by activating the appropriate motor

Question 51

Name the different types of Neuroglial Cells in CNS

Answer 51

Types of Neuroglial Cells in CNS 1. Astrocytes 2. Microglia 3. Oligodendrocytes 4. Ependymal cells

Question 52

Name the different types of Neuroglial Cells in PNS

Answer 52

Types of Neuroglial Cells in PNS 1. Schwann cells 2. Satellite cells

Question 53

Describe functions of Astrocytes

Answer 53

Astrocytes - Neuroglial Cell CNS ## Footnote Support neurons; protect neurons from harmful substances; help maintain proper chemical environment for generation of nerve impulses; assist with growth and migration of neurons during brain development; play a role in learning and memory; help form the blood–brain barrier.

Question 54

Describe functions of Microglia

Answer 54

Microglia - Neuroglial Cell CNS ## Footnote Function: Protect CNS cells from disease by engulfing invading microbes; migrate to areas of injured nerve tissue where they clear away debris of dead cells.

Question 55

Describe functions of Oligodendrocytes

Answer 55

Oligodendrocytes - Neuroglial Cell CNS ## Footnote Function: Produce and maintain myelin sheath around several adjacent axons of CNS neurons.

Question 56

Describe functions of Ependymal cells

Answer 56

Ependymal cells - Neuroglial Cell CNS ## Footnote Functions: Line ventricles of the brain (cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid) and central canal of the spinal cord; form cerebrospinal fluid and assist in its circulation.

Question 57

Describe functions of Schwann cells

Answer 57

Schwann cells - Neuroglial Cell PNS ## Footnote Functions: Produce and maintain myelin sheath around a single axon of a PNS neuron; participate in regeneration of PNS axons.

Question 58

Describe functions of Satellite cells

Answer 58

Satellite cells - Neuroglial Cell PNS ## Footnote Functions: Support neurons in PNS ganglia and regulate exchange of materials between neurons and interstitial fluid.

Question 59

How much is the Resting membrane potential

Answer 59

Resting membrane potential = ca -70 mV

Question 60

Explain Action Potential

Answer 60

Action Potential

Question 61

Explain Conduction of Nerve Impulses

Answer 61

Conduction of Nerve Impulses

Question 62

Where do you find Connective Tissues?

Answer 62

Connective tissues are spread everywhere - Many different functions

Question 63

Give example of some functions of Connective Tissue

Answer 63

Functions of Connective Tissue 1. Connects, Separates 2. Supports, strengthens 3. Protects 4. Insulates 5. Stores 6. Transports 7. Most are highly vascular/nerves

Question 64

Give example of Connective Tissue Cells

Answer 64

Connective Tissue Cells 1. Fibroblasts 2. Macrophages 3. Plasma Cells 4. Mast Cells 5. Adipocytes (Fat cells)

Question 65

Describe Fibroblasts

Answer 65

Fibroblasts Connective Tissue Fibroblasts ( fibro- fibers) are large, flat cells with branching processes. They are present in several connective tissues, and usually are the most numerous. Fibroblasts migrate through the connective tissue, secreting the fibers and ground substance of the extracellular matrix.

Question 66

Describe Macrophages

Answer 66

Macrophages - Connective Tissues ## Footnote Macrophages ( macro- large; -phages eaters) develop from monocytes, a type of white blood cell. Macrophages have an irregular shape with short branching projections and are capable of engulfing bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis.

Question 67

Describe Plasma Cells

Answer 67

Plasma Cells - Connective Tissues Plasma cells are small cells that develop from a type of white blood cell called a B lymphocyte. Plasma cells secrete antibodies, proteins that attack or neutralize foreign substances in the body. Thus, plasma cells are an important part of the body’s immune response.

Question 68

Describe Mast Cells

Answer 68

Mast Cells - Connective Tissue Mast cells are abundant alongside the blood vessels that supply connective tissue. They produce histamine, a chemical that dilates small blood vessels as part of the inflammatory response, the body’s reaction to injury or infection. Mast cells can also kill bacteria.

Question 69

Describe Adipocytes

Answer 69

Adipocytes - Connective Tissues Adipocytes (A-di-po¯ -sı¯ts), also called fat cells or adipose cells, are connective tissue cells that store triglycerides (fats). They are found below the skin and around organs such as the heart and kidneys.

Question 70

Explain ECM

Answer 70

Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix Each type of connective tissue has unique properties, based on the specific extracellular materials between the cells. The extracellular matrix consists of a fluid, gel, or solid ground substance plus protein fibers.

Question 71

Explain Ground Substance in Connective Tissues

Answer 71

Ground Substance in Connective Tissues Ground substance, the component of a connective tissue between the cells and fibers, supports cells, binds them together, and provides a medium through which substances are exchanged between the blood and cells. The ground substance plays an active role in how tissues develop, migrate, proliferate, and change shape, and in how they carry out their metabolic functions. 1. Liquid, no color, between cells and fibers, water, proteolycans GAGs, glycoproteins, hyaluronic acid, trapping water

Question 72

Explain the function of Fibers in ECM

Answer 72

Fibers in ECM Fibers in the extracellular matrix strengthen and support connective tissues. Three types of fibers are embedded in the extracellular matrix between the cells: collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers.

Question 73

Explain Function of Collagen Fibers in ECM

Answer 73

Collagen fibers (KOL-a-jen; colla glue) are very strong and resist pulling forces, but they are not stiff, which promotes tissue flexibility. These fibers often occur in bundles lying parallel to one another (Figure 4.2). The bundle arrangement affords great strength. Chemically, collagen fibers consist of the protein collagen. This is the most abundant protein in your body, representing about 25% of total protein. Collagen fibers are found in most types of connective tissues, especially bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.

Question 74

Explain Function of Elastic Fibers in ECM

Answer 74

Elastic fibers, which are smaller in diameter than collagen fibers, branch and join together to form a network within a tissue. An elastic fiber consists of molecules of a protein called elastin surrounded by a glycoprotein named fibrillin, which is essential to the stability of an elastic fiber. Elastic fibers are strong but can be stretched up to one-and-a-half times their relaxed length without breaking. Equally important, elastic fibers have the ability to return to their original shape after being stretched, a property called elasticity. Elastic fibers are plentiful in skin, blood vessel walls, and lung tissue

Question 75

Explain Function of Reticular Fibers in ECM

Answer 75

Reticular fibers (reticul- net), consisting of collagen and a coating of glycoprotein, provide support in the walls of blood vessels and form branching networks around fat cells, nerve fibers, and skeletal and smooth muscle cells. Produced by fibroblasts, they are much thinner than collagen fibers. Like collagen fibers, reticular fibers provide support and strength and also form the stroma (STRO¯ -ma bed or covering) or supporting framework of many soft organs, such as the spleen and lymph nodes. These fibers also help form the basement membrane.

Question 76

How is Connective Tissue Classified?

Answer 76

Connective Tissue 1. Loose Connective Tissue 1. Aerolar connective tissue 2. Adipose connective tissue 3. Reticular connective tissues 2. Dense Connective Tissue 1. Dense regular connective tissue 2. Dense irregular connective tissue 3. Elastic connective tissue 3. Cartilage 1. Hyaline cartilage 2. Fibrocartilage 3. Elastic cartilage 4. Bone Tissue 5. Liquid Connective Tissue (blood tissue and lymph)

Question 77

Explain Areolar Connective Tissue

Answer 77

Areolar Connective Tissue - Loose CT ## Footnote Description: Consists of fibers (collagen, elastic, and reticular) and several kinds of cells (fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, adipocytes, and mast cells) embedded in a semifluid ground substance Location: Subcutaneous layer deep to skin; superficial region of dermis of skin; connective tissue layer of mucousmembranes; and around blood vessels, nerves, and body organs. Function: Strength, elasticity, and support.

Question 78

Explain Adipose tissue

Answer 78

Adipose tissue - Loose CT ## Footnote Description: Consists of adipocytes, cells specialized to store triglycerides (fats) as a large centrally located droplet; nucleus and cytoplasm are peripherally located. Location: Subcutaneous layer deep to skin, around heart and kidneys, yellow bone marrow, and padding around joints and behind eyeball in eye socket. Function: Reduces heat loss through skin, serves as an energy reserve, supports, and protects.

Question 79

Explain Reticular Connective Tissue

Answer 79

Reticular Connective Tissue - Loose CT ## Footnote Description: A network of interlacing reticular fibers and reticular cells. Location: Stroma (supporting framework) of liver, spleen, lymph nodes; red bone marrow, which gives rise to blood cells; part of the basement membrane; and around blood vessels and muscles. Function: Forms stroma of organs; binds together smooth muscle tissue cells; filters and removes worn-out blood cells in the spleen and microbes in lymph nodes.

Question 80

Explain Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Answer 80

Dense Regular Connective Tissue - Dense Connective Tissue ## Footnote Description: Extracellular matrix looks shiny white; consists mainly of collagen fibers regularly arranged in bundles; fibroblasts present in rows between bundles. Location: Forms tendons (attach muscle to bone), most ligaments (attach bone to bone), and aponeuroses (sheetlike tendons that attach muscle to muscle or muscle to bone). Function: Provides strong attachment between various structures.

Question 81

Explain Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Answer 81

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue - Dense CT ## Footnote Description: Consists predominantly of collagen fibers randomly arranged and a few fibroblasts. Location: Fasciae (tissue beneath skin and around muscles and other organs), deeper region of dermis of skin, periosteum of bone, perichondrium of cartilage, joint capsules, membrane capsules around various organs (kidneys, liver, testes, lymph nodes), pericardium of the heart, and heart valves. Function: Provides strength.

Question 82

Explain Elastic Connective Tissue

Answer 82

Elastic Connective Tissue - Dense CT ## Footnote Description: Consists predominantly of elastic fibers; fibroblasts are present in spaces between fibers. Location: Lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes, true vocal cords, suspensory ligament of penis, and ligaments between vertebrae. Function: Allows stretching of various organs.

Question 83

Explain Hyaline cartilage

Answer 83

Hyaline cartilage - Cartilage CT ## Footnote Description: Consists of a bluish-white, shiny ground substance in the body (can stain pink or purple when prepared for microscopic examination) with fine collagen fibers and many chondrocytes; most abundant type of cartilage. Location: Ends of long bones, anterior ends of ribs, nose, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes, and embryonic and fetal skeleton. Function: Provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints, as well as flexibility and support.

Question 84

Explain Fibrocartilage

Answer 84

Fibrocartilage - Cartilage CT ## Footnote Description: Consists of chondrocytes scattered among bundles of collagen fibers within the extracellular matrix. Location: Pubic symphysis (point where hip bones join anteriorly), intervertebral discs (discs between vertebrae), menisci (cartilage pads) of knee, and portions of tendons that insert into cartilage. Function: Support and joining structures together.

Question 85

Explain Elastic cartilage

Answer 85

Elastic cartilage - Cartilage ## Footnote Description: Consists of chondrocytes located in a threadlike network of elastic fibers within the extracellular matrix. Location: Lid on top of larynx (epiglottis), part of external ear (auricle), and auditory (eustachian) tubes. Function: Gives support and maintains shape.

Question 86

Which are the Supporting connective tissues?

Answer 86

Supporting connective tissues 1. Cartilage 2. Bones

Question 87

Explain the Functions of Blood - Liquid Connective Tissues

Answer 87

Functions of Liquid Connective Tissues Blood 1. Transports gases, nutrients, waste, cells, enzymes, hormones etc. 2. Regulating electrolytes, pH, fluid balance, and temperature 3. Coagulation 4. Defense - white blood cells, antibodies

Question 88

Which are the Liquid Connective Tissues?

Answer 88

Liquid Connective Tissues * Blood * Lymph

Question 89

Explain the Functions of Lymph - Liquid Connective Tissues

Answer 89

Functions of Lymph - Liquid Connective Tissues 1. Immune defense 2. Return proteins to the blood 3. Transports Lipids, salts, water and white blood cells