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Endocrine SOH > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is glucose stored as?

A

Glycogen

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2
Q

Normal blood glucose levels (range)

A

3.6 to 5.8 mM

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3
Q

What converts glucose -> glycogen ?

A

Insulin

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4
Q

During times of feeding, what happens to blood glucose levels?

A

They increase
- If they increase >5mM then pancreatic beta cells release insulin to convert glucose -> glycogen and thus lower blood glucose levels

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5
Q

Which cells release insulin?

A

Pancreatic beta cells

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6
Q

Can glucose pass through the plasma membrane unaided?

A

No

- needs specific transporters e.g. GLUT2, GLUT4

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7
Q

How is energy produced when blood glucose levels rise?

A

Glucose -> glucose-6-phosphate by glucokinase enzyme. Glucose-6-phosphate then enters the glycolysis cycle and is converted to ATP

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8
Q

What hormones are released after the ingestion of food? (2)

Why are these hormones released?

A

GIP
GLP-1
Pre-warn the pancreas that lots of glucose is on its way so that the pancreatic beta cells can increase insulin secretion

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9
Q

What is the function of the incretin pathway?

A

To decrease blood glucose levels by

  • increasing insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells
  • decreasing glucagon release by pancreatic alpha cells
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10
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

Series of enzyme controlled reactions which convert glucose -> pyruvate

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11
Q

Net gain of __ ATP molecules during glycolysis?

A

2

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12
Q

What is the function of hexokinase?

A

Increases break down of glucose

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13
Q

Which cells make insulin?

A

Pancreatic beta cells

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14
Q

Which cells secrete insulin?

A

Pancreatic beta cells

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15
Q

Where is insulin synthesised?

A

In the RER of pancreatic beta cells

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16
Q

Example of an ultra short acting insulin?

A

Lispro

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17
Q

Example of a slow release insulin?

A

Glargine

18
Q

When is ultra short acting insulin used?

A

Allows patients to control their blood glucose levels during a meal

19
Q

When is slow release insulin used?

A

At night time, so that the patient’s blood glucose level can be maintained over night

20
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

To convert glucose -> glycogen

21
Q

When is insulin made?

A

Synthesised on demand

Synthesised when blood glucose levels increase above 5mM

22
Q

How is insulin released?

A 
Glucose --> glucose-6-phosphate
Glucose-6-phosphate --> ATP 
K+ATP channels are inhibited 
Depolarisation of cell membrane 
Voltage activated calcium channels are opened
Calcium floods in to the beta cell
This triggers the release of insulin
23
Q

What happens to insulin levels when blood glucose levels decrease?

A

Insulin levels decrease

24
Q

Sympathetic nervous system INCREASES / DECREASES insulin secretion?

A

Decreases

- when the body is exercising, blood glucose levels are needed

25
Q

2 phases of insulin release

A

Phase 1 - rapid release of pre-formed insulin to control the rise in blood glucose
Phase 2 - modulates the blood glucose levels

26
Q

What receptor does insulin bind to?

A

Receptor tyrosine kinase

27
Q

If K+ATP channels are active insulin IS / IS NOT produced?

A

IS NOT

28
Q

If K+ATP channels are inactive, insulin IS / IS NOT produced?

A

IS

29
Q

Where are ketone bodies formed?

A

In the liver mitochondria

30
Q

What happens to sodium and water levels if the ECF volume is too high?

A

More sodium is excreted from kidneys

More water is excreted

31
Q

What happens to sodium and water levels if the ECF volume is too low?

A

More sodium is retained

More water is retained

32
Q

Hyponatraemia - definition

A

Decrease in the sodium concentration due to either:

  • decrease in sodium
  • increase in water
33
Q

Cut off point for low sodium concentration levels?

A

120mmol/L

- if sodium conc level goes below this, then this could be fatal

34
Q

Hyponatraemia - clinical features

A 
Dry mouth 
Tachycardia
Postural hypotension 
Decreased urine output 
Decreased consciousness
35
Q

Hyponatraemia - management

A

Due to decrease in sodium: give saline IV

Due to increase in water: Restrict fluid intake

36
Q

Hypernatraemia - definition

A

Increase in the sodium concentration due to either:

  • increase in sodium
  • decrease in water
37
Q

Cut off point for high sodium concentration levels

A

160mmol/L

- if sodium conc level goes above this, then this could be fatal

38
Q

Hypernatraemia - management

A

Due to increase in sodium: loop diuretic

Due to decrease in water: give water

39
Q

What hormone is water controlled by?

A

ADH

40
Q

Increased levels of ADH usually result in CONCENTRATED / DILUTED urine?

A

Concentrated urine

- as the water is retained

Endocrine SOH (25 decks)

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