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Endocrine SOH > Reproductive physiology > Flashcards

Reproductive physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Male: hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis

A

Hypothalamus releases GnRH –>
Anterior pituitary gland releases LH and FSH –>
Production of testosterone (LH) and stimulation of spermatocytes (FSH)

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2
Q

When is the best time to measure testosterone levels?

A

In the morning

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3
Q

Female: hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis

A

Hypothalamus releases GnRH –>
Anterior pituitary gland releases LH and FSH –>
LH and FSH go to the ovaries to produce oestrogen and stimulate the release of an egg

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4
Q

Which cells does FSH act on

A

Granulosa cells

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5
Q

Which cells does LH act on

A

Theca cells

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6
Q

Normal menstrual cycle duration

A

Average is 28 days

Anything between 21 and 35 days is normal

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7
Q

Average duration of period?

A

3-8 days

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8
Q

Normal estimated blood loss during period?

A

30 mls

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9
Q

How do you confirm that ovulation is occurring?

A

Test midluteal serum progesterone levels

- Patient is ovulating if over 30nmol/L is produced in 2 samples

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10
Q

What are the 4 menstrual cycle phases?

A

Proliferative (follicular) phase
Ovulation
Secretory (luteal) phase
Menstruation

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11
Q

Proliferative (follicular) phase of menstrual cycle

A

Begins when oestrogen levels are low
FSH levels peak during first half of follicular phase
LH levels peak at end of the follicular phase
Leading follicle results in the release of an egg

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12
Q

What happens when granulosa cells enlarge?

A

They release oestrogen

- which causes the endometrium to thicken in preparation for IF pregnancy was to happen

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13
Q

Ovulation phase of the menstrual cycle

A 
Occurs mid-cycle
Triggered by the LH surge
LH and FSH are still being released 
After the LH surge, the egg is released 
Egg is released into the fallopian tubes 
Fertilisation can now occur
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14
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

In the ampulla of the uterine tube

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15
Q

Secretory (luteal) phase of the menstrual cycle

A

Starts after ovulation
Remaining granulosa cells which have not released oestrogen are now yellow in colour, and called the corpus luteum
Progesterone peaks in the middle of the luteal phase

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16
Q

What does the corpus luteum produce?

A

Progesterone

17
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum in pregnancy?

A

It is preserved

18
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if there is no pregnancy?

A

It disintegrates

19
Q

Menstruation phase of the menstrual cycle

A

No pregnancy, so corpus luteum disintegrates
Decreased progesterone levels
Uterine lining detaches (endometrium sheds)
Tissue, blood and unfertilised egg are all discharged

20
Q

What triggers the start of a new menstrual cycle

A

Decreased progesterone levels due to the disintegration of the corpus luteum

21
Q

What triggers ovulation?

A

LH surge

22
Q

When do estradiol levels peak?

A

Before ovulation

23
Q

What causes the endometrium (uterine lining) to thicken?

A

Increasing oestrogen levels

24
Q

What happens to the female hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis if there are high levels of oestrogen

A

Less GnRH produced by hypothalamus, less FSH and LH produced by the anterior pituitary gland

25
Q

Which cells mediate the conversion of pregenolone -> androstenedione ?

A

Theca cells

26
Q

What is androstenedione converted to?

A

Oestrogen then oestrodiol

27
Q

What is the function of aromatase?

A

Facilitates aromatisation of androgens -> oestrogen

28
Q

Functions of progesterone

A

Increases basal body temperature
Relaxes smooth muscles
Maintains the thickness of the endometrium
Inhibits secretion of LH

29
Q

What happens to the male hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis if there are high levels of testosterone

A

Less GnRH produced by the hypothalamus, less FSH and LH produced by the anterior pituitary gland

30
Q

Which cells secrete testosterone?

A

Leydig cells

LH helps this process

31
Q

What is the function of the acrosome in sperm?

A

Contains many of the lytic proteins required for digestion of the egg’s outer shell (zona pellucida)

32
Q

Oligomenorrhoea

A

Reduction in frequency of periods to less than 9 cycles per year

33
Q

Amennorrhoea

A

Loss of periods

34
Q

Primary amennorhoea

A

Patient has never had a period by the age of 16

35
Q

Secondary amennorhoea

A

Patient has previously had periods but now they’ve stopped for at least 6 months

Endocrine SOH (25 decks)

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