biochemistry and the organizations of cell

Question 1

organisms can be studied using the methods of?

Answer 1

chemistry and physics as all living things use energy and the same types of biomolecules

Question 2

multidisciplinary in nature

Answer 2

biochemistry

Question 3

it uses results from many sciences to answer questions about the molecular nature of life processes

Answer 3

biochemistry

Question 4

study of compounds of carbon and hydrogen and their derivatives

Answer 4

organic chemistry

Question 5

whose experiment is in 1828

Answer 5

Friedrich Wöhler’s
NH4OCN (ammonium cyanate, inorganic compound) -> H2NCONH2 (urea, organic compound)
it changed upon heating

Question 6

what are the major groups of biochemicals

Answer 6

amino acid
carbohydrates
nucleotides (the basic building block of nucleic acids RNA and DNA)
lipids

Question 7

what is the structure of amino acid

Answer 7

• Carboxyl group (-COO-)
• Central carbon bonded to a carboxyl group
• Amino group (-NH3+)
• Hydrogen
• R group

Question 8

carbohydrates is made up of what compounds

Answer 8

carbon
oxygen
hydrogen

Question 9

what is the general formula of carbohydrates and its simplest form

Answer 9

(CH2O)n, where ‘n’ is at least 3
simplest - monosaccharides or sugars

Question 10

it is the basic unit of the hereditary materials DNA and RNA

Answer 10

nucleotides

Question 11

it forms the molecular currency of the cell, adenosine triphosphate ATP

Answer 11

nucleotides

Question 12

nucleotides is made up of what compounds

Answer 12

five-carbon sugar
nitrogen containing ring
one or more phosphate groups

Question 13

poorly soluble in water because they are composed of long chains of hydrocarbons (example)

Answer 13

lipids (palmitic acid)

Question 14

it is an atom or group of atoms with characteristic chemical and physical properties

Answer 14

functional group
it contains a heteroatom (any atom that is not carbon or hydrogen), a multiple bond or both

Question 15

briefly explain the compounds that contain only carbon an hydrogen

Answer 15

hydrocarbons

alkanes:
have only C–C single bonds and no functional group.

alkenes:
have only C–C double bonds as their functional group.

alkynes:
have only C–C triple bonds as their functional group.

aromatic
contains a benzene ring, a six-membered ring with three double bonds.

Question 16

what are the type of compounds that contain a single bond to a heteroatom

Answer 16

AARON HAD ALCOHOL EVERY AFTERNOON as TEA

[type of compound > functional group > general structure]
*all the general structure is just bonded to R

alkyl halide > -X, halo grp > (the X is either F, Cl, Br, I)
alcohol > -OH, hydroxyl grp >
ether > -OR, alkoxy grp >
amine > -NH2, amino grp >
thiol > -SH, sulfhydryl grp >

Question 17

carbonyl group

Answer 17

carbon–oxygen double bonds

Question 18

what are the type of compounds that contain a carbonyl group

Answer 18

[AARON KINKY, CLAIRE EDGY ALWAYS]

aldehyde
ketone
carboxylic acid
ester
amide

Question 19

it is the energy currency of the cell

Answer 19

adenosine triphosphate

Question 20

what was the temperature of the Primordial fireball when it started to expand with great force as a result of an explosion

Answer 20

approximately 15 × 10^9 K

Average temperature of the Universe has been decreasing ever since the explosion

Question 21

what elements where the only elements present in the earliest stages of the universe

Answer 21

H
He
Li

*other elements were formed by thermonuclear reactions in stars, in explosions of stars, and by the action of cosmic rays outside the stars

Question 22

what are the 2 chemical foundation of biochemistry

Answer 22

ester formation:
phosphoric acid + alcohol —- (lose water)—> an ester of phosphoric acid

anhydride formation:
phosphoric acid + phosphoric acid—- (lose water)—> an anhydride of phosphoric acid

Question 23

what is the structure of ATP

Answer 23

look at notes

Question 24

what gases were present in the atmosphere of the early earth

Answer 24

NH3
H2S
CO
CO2
CH4
N2
H2
H2O

Question 25

which biomolecules could have arisen under abiotic (non living) condition

Answer 25

proteins nucleic acid

Question 26

small molecules that may bond to many others to form a polymer

Answer 26

monomers

Question 27

greek: monomers polymers

Answer 27

mono + meros ----> single + part poly + meros ---> many + parts

Question 28

amino acids ----> nucleotides ----> monosaccharides ----> glycerol and fatty acids ---->

Answer 28

amino acids ----> proteins nucleotides ----> nucleic acid monosaccharides ----> polysaccharides glycerol and fatty acids ----> lipids

Question 29

macromolecules formed by bonding of smaller units

Answer 29

polymers

Question 30

macromolecules formed by the polymerization of amino acids

Answer 30

proteins

Question 31

class of proteins that display catalytic activity

Answer 31

enzyme

Question 32

macromolecules formed by the polymerization of nucleotides

Answer 32

nucleic acid

Question 33

ability to increase the rate of a chemical reaction

Answer 33

catalytic activity * catalytical effectiveness of a given enzyme depends on its amino acid sequence

Question 34

relationship between the nucleotides sequence in nucleic acids and the amino acid sequence in proteins

Answer 34

genetic code

Question 35

it serves as the coding material

Answer 35

deoxyribonucleic acid (dna)

Question 36

has the capability to catalyze its own processing

Answer 36

RNA ribonucleic acid

Question 37

it considered to have been the original coding material and still serves this function in some viruses

Answer 37

ribonucleic acid

Question 38

briefly explain the role of templates in synthesis of polynucleotides

Question 39

appearance of a form of RNA capable of coding for its own replication was the pivotal point in the origin of life

Answer 39

RNA world theory

Question 40

briefly explain the difference between DNA and RNA

Question 41

development of catalysis and the development of a coding system came about separately

Answer 41

double-origin theory - combination of the two later in time produced life

Question 42

briefly explain the vital importance of a cell membrane in the origin of life

Question 43

briefly explain the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Question 44

membrane-enclosed portion of a cell with a specific function

Answer 44

organelle

Question 45

which organelle is fount in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes

Question 46

briefly compare the typical animal cell, typical plant cell and a prokaryotic cell

Question 47

briefly summarise all organelles and their functions

Question 48

what are the five-kingdom system

Answer 48

monera - prokaryotes protista - unicellular eukaryotes multicellular eukaryotes: fungi plantae animalia *as it goes down, increase complexity *as it goes up, decrease evolutionary age

Question 49

relationship that benefits both species involved (example)

Answer 49

mutualism (fungus and alga in lichen)

Question 50

one species gains at the other's expense (example)

Answer 50

parasitic symbiosis (ticks and dogs)

Question 51

larger host cell contains a genetically determined number of smaller organisms

Answer 51

hereditary symbiosis

Question 52

eukaryotic host that contains a genetically determined number of cyanobacteria

Answer 52

Cyanophora paradoxa

Question 53

one benefits, other is unaffected (example)

Answer 53

commensalism (cattle egret and cattle)

Question 54

Study of transformations and transfer of energy

Answer 54

Thermodynamics

Question 55

Characteristic of a reaction or process that takes place without outside intervention

Answer 55

Spontaneous

Question 56

briefly explain the energetics of a chemical reaction

Question 57

briefly explain the sign of the change in free energy, delta G, indicate the direction of the reaction

Question 58

what is the most common monosaccharide

Answer 58

glucose