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Microbiology > Biochemistry Basics > Flashcards

Biochemistry Basics Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Atom

A

Atom: the smallest units of elements

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2
Q

Define: Element

A

Element: pure substances that make up ordinary matter

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3
Q

Define: Molecule

A

Molecule: formed when two or more atoms bond together

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4
Q

Define: Compound

A

Compound: molecules that are made up of more than one type of element

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5
Q

Define: Ionic Bond

A

Ionic Bond: attraction that exists between oppositely charged ions (cations & anions)

-Form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another to make ions

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6
Q

Define: Covalent Bond

A

Covalent Bond: attraction between atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons

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7
Q

Define: Non-Polar Covalent Bond

A

Non-Polar Covalent Bond: formed when electrons are equally shared between atoms (no seperation of charges)

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8
Q

Define: Polar Covalent Bond

A

Polar Covalent Bond: unequal sharing of electrons without undergoing a full transfer of electrons

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9
Q

Define: Bond Polarity

A

Bond Polarity: the separation of electric charge along a bond, leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole or dipole moment

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10
Q

Define: Molecular Polarity

A

Molecular Polarity: a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole moment, with a negatively charged end and a positively charged end.

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11
Q

Define: Ion

A

Ion: charged atoms that have an unequal number of protons and neutrons

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12
Q

Define: Isotope

A

Isotope: elements with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

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13
Q

Define: Hydrogen Bonds

A

Hydrogen Bonds: noncovalent electrostatic attraction between two or more molecules or within a single large molecule

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14
Q

Define: Polar Molecules

A

Polar Molecules: molecules that tend to interact with water (dissolve in water)

-hydrophilic

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15
Q

Define: Non-Polar Molecules

A

Non-Polar Molecules: molecules that avoid water (do not dissolve in water)

-hydrophobic

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16
Q

Structure of an Atom:

A
  • the nucleus of an atom contains protons and neutrons
  • electrons are found in shells around the nucleus
  • first shell can hold 2 electrons, second shell can hold up to 8 electrons, third shell can hold up to 18 electrons
17
Q

Define: Ph

Ph Scale Diagram

A

Ph: The balance of H+ and OH- ions is what determines overall acidity or basicity of a solution

18
Q

4 Major Classes of Macromolecules

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Proteins
19
Q

Carbohydrate Structure and Function

A

Structure: an organic molecule(consists of hydrogen and carbon) consisting of one or more sugar monomers

-considered a polysaccharide (“many sugars”)

Function:

  • Energy Sources
  • Structural Biomolecules
  • Cellular Adhesion
  • Communication
  • Environmental Sensing
20
Q

Polymers and Monomers of Carbohydrate

A

Monomer- Monosaccharide (simple sugars like glucose and fructose)

Polymer- Polysaccharide (complex carbohydrate made of many thousands of monosaccharides)

21
Q

Structure and Function of Lipids

A

Structure:

-organic molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Saturated Fatty Acids: filled with Hydrogen, single bonds

Unsaturated Fatty Acids: at least one double bond (kinky)

Triglycerides: 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Phospholipds: phosphate group and 2 fatty acids

Steroids: 4 fused hydrocarbon ring structure

Functions:

  • Energy Sources
  • Cell Structure Components
  • Mediate Cell Signaling
22
Q

Polymers and Monomers of Lipids

A

Polymers- Saturated Fats, Polyunsaturated Fats

Monomers- Fatty Acids

23
Q

Structure and Function of Nucleic Acid

A

Structure-

  • five carbon sugar
  • phosphate group
  • nitrogenous base

Function-

DNA: genetic blueprint of all cells (double stranded)

-adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

RNA: directs the production of proteins (single stranded)

-adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

24
Q

Polymers and Monomers of Nucleic Acid

A

Polymers- DNA and RNA

Monomers- nucleotides

25
Q

Structure and Function of Proteins

A

Structure-

  • Amine Group
  • Carboxyl Group
  • R Group

Function-

  • catalyze chemical reactions
  • store amino acids
  • transport substances
  • receive signal from outside of cell
    etc. ……
26
Q

Polymers and Monomers of Proteins

A

Polymer- protein

Monomer- amino acids

Microbiology (10 decks)

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