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Grade 12 Bio > Biochemistry Chp. 1 > Flashcards

Biochemistry Chp. 1 Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Isotope

A

A form of an element that differs in its numbers of neutrons

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2
Q

Radioisotope

A

A radioactive isotope of an element

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3
Q

Orbital

A

A region of space that is occupied by electrons located around the nucleus of an atom

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4
Q

Valence electrons

A

An electron in the outermost energy level or shell of an atom

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5
Q

Ionic bond

A

A bond that results from the attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or molecules

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6
Q

Cation

A

An ion that has a positive charge

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7
Q

Anion

A

An ion that has a negative charge

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8
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

A bond between two atoms, made up of unequally shared electrons

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9
Q

Intermolecular force

A

The force of attraction between two molecules

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10
Q

Polarity

A

Partial positive or negative charge at the ends of a molecule

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11
Q

Van der Waals forces

A

Very weak attractions between two molecules, or parts of molecules, when they are close together

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12
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

The attractive force between a partially positively charged hydrogen atom and a partially negatively charged atom in another molecule

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13
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which submits of a larger molecule are joined by the removal of water; also called a condensation reaction

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14
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which water is used as a reactant to split a larger molecule into smaller subunits

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15
Q

Neutralization reaction

A

A reaction in which an acid and a base combine to create a salt and water

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16
Q

Redox reaction

A

An electron transfer reaction

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17
Q

Oxidation

A

A reaction in which a molecule loses electrons

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18
Q

Reduction

A

A reaction in which a molecule gains electrons

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19
Q

Specific heat

A

The amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of a given quantity of a substance by 1 degrees Celusis

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20
Q

Cohesion

A

Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other (stick together)

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21
Q

Surface tension

A

Measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid (water is pulled together creating the smallest surface area possible)

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22
Q

Adhesion

A

Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules

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23
Q

Buffer

A

A chemical that compensates for pH changes in a solution by accepting or donating H+ ions

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24
Q

Hydrophilic molecules

A

Polar or charged molecules that are strongly attracted to water

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25
Hydrophobic molecules
Non-polar molecules that are not strongly attracted to water
26
Autoionization
The process in which a molecule spontaneously dissociates into ions
27
Strong acid
Completely dissociates into an aqueous solution, for example HCI
28
Strong base
Completely dissociates into an aqueous solution, for example NaOH
29
Weak acid
Only partially ionizes in water, for example acetic acid (1.3%)
30
Weak base
Only partially ionizes in water, for example ammonia (10%)
31
Neutralization reaction
When an acid and base react with one another to form neutral products, which are water and a salt
32
Functional groups
A group of atoms that affects the function of a molecule by participating in chemical reactions
33
Carbohydrate
A biomolecule that consists of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
34
Monosaccharide
The simplest form of a carbohydrate, consisting of a single sugar unit; a building block for more complex carbohydrates (ex. glucose and fructose)
35
Isomer
A molecule that has the same composition as another, but a different arrangement of atoms Ex. glucose, fructose, and galactose
36
Disaccharide
A carbohydrate molecule that is made from two monosaccharide units (ex. maltose and lactose)
37
Glycosidic bond
A bond between two monosaccharides
38
Complex carbohydrate
A molecule that is composed of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides linked together; an essential part of nutrition and a valuable energy source
39
Polysaccharide molecule
A molecule that contains many linked monosaccharides (three or more - ex. starch or cellulose)
40
Polymerization
A process in which small subunits are linked to form a large molecule
41
Monomer
A small molecule that can bind chemically to other molecules
42
Polymer
A large molecule that is formed when monomers link together chemically in a chain
43
Lipid
A nonpolar compound that is made mostly of carbon and hydrogen
44
Fatty acid
A molecule that consists of a carboxyl group and hydrocarbon chain.
45
Triglyceride
A fat; three fatty acid chains linked to a glycerol molecule
46
Saturated fat
A lipid that is composed of saturated fatty acids with single bonds in their hydrocarbon chain
47
Unsaturated fat
A lipid that is composed of unsaturated fatty acids with double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain
48
Phospholipid
A lipid that consists of two fatty acids and a phosphate group bound to glycerol
49
Steroid
A lipid that is composed of four carbon rings
50
Wax
A lipid that is formed when long fatty acid chains are joined to alcohols or carbon rings
51
Protein
A large molecule that consists of many amino acid subunits that are joined together by peptide bonds folded into a specific three-dimensional shape
52
Nucleic acid
A blueprint for proteins that are synthesized in cells; stores hereditary information
53
Amino acid
A molecule that contains a carboxyl group and an amino group; serves as the monomer subunit of proteins
54
Peptide bond
A covalent bond that links amino acids
55
Peptide
A chain of amino acid subunits that are connected by peptide bonds
56
Polypeptide
A peptide with more than 50 amino acids
57
Denaturation
The loss of both the structure and function of a protein
58
Nucleotide
The building block of nucleic acids; consists of a 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and one to three phosphate groups
59
Phosphodiester bond
A link that is formed between nucleotides by a phosphate bridge
60
Antiparallel
Oriented in opposite directions
61
Enzyme
A biological catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds up a chemical reaction
62
Substrate
A substance that is recognized by and binds to an enzyme
63
Active site
A pocket or groove in an enzyme that binds its substrate
64
Induced fit model
A model of enzyme activity that describes how an enzyme changes shape to better accommodate a substrate
65
Cofactor
A non-protein group that binds to an enzyme and is essential for catalytic activity
66
Coenzyme
An organic molecule that acts as a cofactor of an enzyme
67
Competitive inhibition
A situation in which a competitor substance binds to a normal substrate binding site to block enzyme activity
68
Noncompetitive inhibition
A situation in which molecules bind to an enzyme at a site that is not the active site, thus blocking enzyme activity
69
Allosteric site
A binding site on an enzyme that binds regulatory molecules
70
Feedback inhibition
The regulation of a pathway by one of the products of this pathway
71
Valence
The number of chemical bonds an element is capable of forming (ex. carbon can form four)
72
Chemical formula
A symbolic representation of an element or compound | (ex. NaCl -table salt). Use subscripts and parentheses to denote the number of atoms in a molecule of the substanc
73
Glucose
A monosaccharide with the chemical formula | C6H12O6. Glucose is the primary molecule used during cellular respiration reaction
74
Fibrous protein
Long, linear, and narrow proteins that provides strength (repetitive amino acid sequence) Ex. silk, collagen, and keratin
75
Globular protein
Compact, round, and spherical proteins that are good for transport (irrepetitive amino acid sequence - tertiary) Ex. hemoglobin
76
Protein prosthetic groups
A non-protein component that is required for proteins to function Ex. Oxygen is bound to four heme groups in hemoglobin which are held by polypeptides
77
Catabolic reaction (pathway)
A pathway in which energy is released and complex molecules are broken down into simple molecules Ex. cellular respiration
78
Anabolic reaction (pathway)
A pathway in which energy is supplied to build complex molecules from simple molecules Ex. photosynthesis or the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids

Grade 12 Bio (8 decks)

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