Biochemistry of the Genome - DNA + Replication (Day 10)

Question 1

What is a Genome?

Answer 1

All of an organism genetic material

Question 2

What is a genotype?

Answer 2

Genes order of A, T, G, C in DNA

Question 3

What is a phenotype?

Answer 3

observable characteristics

Question 4

Where are chromosomes housed in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 4

nucleus

Question 5

What is a chromosome?

Answer 5

Discreate organized DNA structure that controls cellular activity

Question 6

Prokaryotic chromosome

Answer 6

Circular, haploid (one copy of each chromosome. 12% is noncoding DNA, Extrachromosomal DNA = Plasmid + viruses

Question 7

Eukaryotic chromosome

Answer 7

linear, Diploid 2 copies of each chromosome. 99% is non-coding DNA, Extrachromosomal DNA = mitochondria + chloroplasts

Question 8

What is central dogma?

Answer 8

It states that DNA encodes messanger RNA, which encodes proteins. DNA - RNA - Protein (Deliver, Rolls, Please)

Question 9

What are some factors that impact phenotype?

Answer 9

Diet, temperature, O2 levels, humidity, light cycles, etc

Question 10

What is the biochemical structure of deoxyribonucleotides?

Answer 10

deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. 5 carbons.

Question 11

Base pair of C-T

Answer 11

Pyrimidines (Single ringed)

Question 12

Base pair of A-G

Answer 12

Purines (two ringed)

Question 13

Why is the double helix of DNA described as antiparallel?

Answer 13

Due to base pairing, the DNA strands are complementary to each other, and they run in opposite directions.

Question 14

What is the meaning of semiconservative DNA replication?

Answer 14

Every double helix in the new generation of an organism consists of one complete “old” strand and one complete “new” strand wrapped around one another

Question 15

What is the leading strand?

Answer 15

It adds nucleotides to the 3’ end of the growing strand

Question 16

What is the lagging stand?

Answer 16

adds nucleotides to the 5’ end

Question 17

What are Okazaki fragments?

Answer 17

Allows for DNA polymerase to synthesize to lagging strands in segments.

Question 18

What does DNA Helicase do?

Answer 18

Opens the DNA helix by breaking hydrogen bonds at the bases.

Question 19

What does DNA Primase Do?

Answer 19

Synthesises RNA primers needed to start replication

Question 20

What does DNA Polymerase I do?

Answer 20

Removes RNA primer for new DNA

Question 21

What does DNA Polymerase III do?

Answer 21

Added nucleotides in 5’ 3’ direction

Question 22

What does DNA Ligase do?

Answer 22

Seals the gaps between Okazaki fragments.

Question 23

What does Topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) do?

Answer 23

Relaxes supercoiled chromosomes to make DNA more accessible for the initiation of replication; helps relive the stress on DNA when unwinding, by causing breaks and then sealing the DNA.

Question 24

What does the sliding clamp do?

Answer 24

Helps hold DNA pol III in place when nucleotides are being added

Question 25

What is the difference between Constitutive and Regulated genes?

Answer 25

Constitutive - genes that are always expressed Regulated - can change with response to the environment

Question 26

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes? (size)

Answer 26

Eukaryotic - size of genome is much LARGER Prokaryotic - size of genome is much SMALLER

Question 27

Where is noncoding DNA found?

Answer 27

intergenic regions

Question 28

How are nucleotides linked?

Answer 28

phosphodiester bonds

Question 29

What are phosphodiester bonds

Answer 29

Bonds that are responsible for the polymerization of nucleic acids by linking sugars and phosphates of adjacent nucleotides

Question 30

How are the two DNA strands held together?

Answer 30

By hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases

Question 31

Who proposed the double helix model for DNA?

Answer 31

James Watson and Francis Crick

Question 32

___ is unique to DNA (nitrogenous base)

Answer 32

thymine

Question 33

how many atp does ETC make

Answer 33

34

Question 34

The ETC creates a concentration gradient with more H+ _____ than _____ the cell

Answer 34

Outside, inside

Question 35

oxidative phosphorylation takes place on

Answer 35

cristae in eukaryotes