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PLE 2017 > Biochemistry: PATHWAYS > Flashcards

Biochemistry: PATHWAYS Flashcards

1
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation needs what 2 requirements?

A

mitochondria, oxygen

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2
Q

FADH:
what complex?
yields how many ATP?

A

complex 2

1.5ATP

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3
Q

NADH:
what complex?
yields how many ATP?

A

complex 1

2.5ATP

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4
Q

inhibitors of complex 1 (ETC)

A

B - barbiturates
A - amytal
R - rotenone
P - piericidin A

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5
Q

inhibitors of complex 2 (ETC)

A

M - malonate
T - TTFA
C - carboxin

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6
Q

inhibitors of complex 3 (ETC)

A

3AD
A - antimycin A
D - dimercaprol

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7
Q

inhibitors of complex 4 (ETC)

A 
4 CCoSaH
Cyanide
Carbon monoxide
Sodium azide
Hydrogen sulfide
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8
Q

inhibitor of complex 5

A

oligomycin

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9
Q

inhibits the transport of ADP into and ATP out the mitochondria

A

atractyloside

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10
Q

examples of uncouplers

A

BAD
Brown fat
Aspirin
2,4, Dinitrophenol

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11
Q

insulin mediated transporter?

A

GLUT 4

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12
Q

GLUT 3 involves what organs?

A

BPK
brain
placenta
kidney

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13
Q

GLUT 2 vs GLUT 5

A 
Glut 2 - K PLS
kidney
pancreas
liver
small intestine - basement membrane

glut 5 - SI - lumen

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14
Q

GLUT 1?

A

BPK + CR
brain, placenta, kidney
+
colon, RBCs

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15
Q 
GLYCOLYSIS
purpose?
location?
substrate? product/s?
rate limiting?
A
  • glucose metabolism for energy
  • cytosol
  • glucose –> 2 mol of pyruvate or lactate

**PFK-1
fructose 6,p –> fructose 1,6bisphosphate

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16
Q

hexokinase vs glucokinase?
present in ..?
inhibited by..?
Km/ vmax?

A

Hexokinase: most tissues
- glucose 6-p, low Km, low Vmax

glucokinase: liver, pancreas
- fructose 6-p, high Km, high Vmax

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17
Q

ATP yield of glycolysis?

aerobic & anerobic

A

aerobic - 5 or 7

anaerobic - 2

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18
Q

pyruvate has 4 fates? NAME ALL including the enzymes

A
  1. ) lactate (lactate dehydrogenase)
  2. ) pyruvate (p. dehydrogenase)
  3. ) oxaloacetate (p. carboxylase)
  4. ) ethanol (p. decarboxylase)
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19
Q

carboxylases need what co-factor?

A

biotin

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20
Q

dehydrogenases need what cofactors

A 
1,2,3,L,5
b1,
b2
b3,
b5 (coenzyme A - pantothenic Acid)
lipoic acid
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21
Q 
Citric Acid Cylce
purpose?
location?
substrate? product/s?
rate limiting?
A
  • formation of ATP; final common pathway
  • mitochondria, except succinate dehydrogenase
  • acetyl coa –> 2 C02, 1 GTP, 3 NADH, 1 FADh2

**isocitrate dehydrogenase
isocitrate –> a-ketoglutarate

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22
Q

ATP yield for TCA

A

10 ATP

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23
Q

complete oxidation of glucose will yield how many ATP?

A

30 or 32 ATPs

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24
Q 
GLUCONEOGENESIS
purpose?
location?
substrate? product/s?
rate limiting?
A
  • glucose formation
  • liver 90%, kidney 10%
  • both
  • intermediates of glycolysis, TCA; TAG; lactate; carbon skeletons of glucogenic AA –> glucose

**fructose 1, 6-bisphosphatase
fructose 1,6 bisphosphate –> fructose 6,p

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25
``` GLYCOGENESIS purpose? location? substrate? product/s? rate limiting? ```
- glycogen synthesis - liver and muscle, cytosol - a-d-glucose --> glycogen **glycogen synthase elongation of glycogen chains
26
``` GLYCOGENOLYSIS purpose? location? substrate? product/s? rate limiting? ```
- glycogen breakdown - liver and muscle, cytosol - glycogen --> glucose (liver), glucose 6-phosphate (muscle) **glycogen phosphorylase shortening of glycogen chains
27
fructose can be found in what organs
``` FOLS FRUCTOSE in Ovaries Liver Seminal vesicles ```
28
``` PPP/ HMP SHUNT purpose? location? substrate? product/s? rate limiting? ```
- produce NADPH, ribose 5-phosphate - cytosol - glucose 6-p --> NADPH, ribose 5-p **Glucose 6-p dehydrogenase glucose 6-p --> 6-phosphogluconate
29
predominant FA in coconut oil?
lauric acid 12:0
30
predominant FA in olive oil
oleic acid 18:1 (9)
31
essential FA
linoleic acid 18:2 (9,12) | linolenic acid 18:3 (9,12,15)
32
palmitic acid structure
16:0
33
20:4?
arachidonic acid - precursor of prostaglandins - derived from linoleic acid
34
``` LIPOGENESIS purpose? location? substrate? product/s? rate limiting? ```
- synthesis of FA - cytosol - acetyl Coa --> palmitoyl CoA **acetyl CoA carboxylase acetyl coa + hc03 + ATP --> malonyl Coa
35
shuttle used for lipogenesis? | for B - oxidation?
- CITRATE SHUTTLE | - CARNITINE SHUTTLE
36
``` BETA OXIDATION purpose? location? substrate? product/s? rate limiting? ```
- removal of acetyl coa, yielding NADH and FADH2 - muscle and liver, mitochondria - palmitate --> 8 acetyl coa, 7 NADH, 7 FADH2 ** carnitine palmitoyl transferase
37
ATP Yield of palmitate?
108 - 2 = 106 atps
38
``` KETOGENESIS purpose? location? substrate? product/s? rate limiting? ```
- synthesis of ketone bodies as alternative fuel - liver mitochondria - acetly coa --> AHA (acetone, b- Hydrodxybutarate acetoacetate) **HMG-coA synthase acetoacetyl coa + acetly coa --> hmg coa
39
CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS location? substrate? rate limiting?
- cytosol - acetly coa **HMG-coA reductase Hmg coa --> mevalonate
40
``` UREA CYCLE purpose? location? substrate? product/s? rate limiting? allosteric factor? ```
- convert nitrogenous waste (ammonia) to urea - liver, both - CO2, Aspartate, NH3 --> urea **Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 NH3 + C02 --> carbamoyl phosphate allosteric factor: n-acetylglutamate
41
transamination of alanine will yield?
pyruvate
42
transamination of oxaloacetate will yield?
aspartate
43
transamination of glutamate will yield?
a-ketoglutarate
44
HEME SYNTHESIS location? rate limiting? co factor?
- mitochondria & cytosol **ala synthase glycine + succinyl coa --> d ALA co factor: b6
45
phase that is OXIDATIVE & IRREVERSIBLE? what enzyme involved? cofactor? product
PHASE 1 g6p dehydrogenase (no cofactor) NADPH
46
phase that is NONOXIDATIVE & REVERSIBLE? what enzyme involved? cofactor? product
PHASE 2 transketolase (+ thiamine) ribose 5-phosphate
47
2 pathways involved in substrate level phosphorylation?
1. ) glycolysis | 2. ) TCA - succinate thiokinase step
48
ROS?
- superoxide - hydrogen peroxide - hydroxyl radical
49
second messenger of glucagon? insulin?
glucagon - cAMP | insulin - tyrosine kinase
50
pathways that occurs in both the cytosol and mitochondria?
HUG H - HEME SYNTHESIS U - UREA CYCLE G - GLUCONEOGENESIS
51
shuttle for glycolysis? will yield how many ATP per molecule?
MALATE ASPARTATE SHUTTLE - 2.5 ATP | GLYCEROPHOSPHATE SHUTTLE - 1.5 ATP
52
most common enyzme defect in glycolysis?
pyruvate kinase | - hemolytic Anemia
53
most common cause of congenital lactic acidosis
pyruvate dehydrogenase - x-linked - treat with ketogenic diet
54
the enzyme inhibited by fluoroactate | : TCA cycle
aconitase
55
the enzyme inhibited by arsenite and ammonia | : TCA cycle
a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
56
pathways that occur in the mitochondria
``` BATOK B - B - OXIDATION A - ACETYL COA PRODUCTION T - TCA CYCLE O - OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION K - KETOGENESIS ```
57
the rate limiting step of glycogenolysis requires what co-factor? what is the rate limiting step?
- B6 | - glycogen phosphorylase
58
sequence of steps by lipogenesis? | will yield what?
``` CODE RED RED condensation, reduction, dehydration, reduction - 1 acetyl coa - 7 malonyl coa - 7 carbon out - 14 nadph needed ```
59
sequence of steps by b-oxidation? | will yield what?
``` OHOT oxidation, hydration, oxidation, thiolysis - 8 acetly coa - 7 nadh - 7 fadh ```
60
what is the difference between carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 & 2 deficiency?
CPT 1 - affects liver | CPT 2 - affects cardiac and skeletal muscle
61
rate limiting step for steroid synthesis
desmolase
62
what are glucogenic substances?
ECG epinephrine cortisol growth hormone
63
rate limiting step of purine synthesis
PRPP glutamyl amidotransferase
64
rate limiting step of pyramdine synthesis
carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 2
65
what is the parent molecule for purine? | pyramidine?
purine - IMP (inosine monophosphate) | pyramidine - UMP (orotdine monophosphate)
66
what is the sequence of formation of purine and pyramdine: which comes first? the sugar or ring
sugar first - purine | ring first - pyramidine
67
purine or pyramidine? | - associated with gout
purine
68
purine or pyramidine? | - associated with salvage pathway
purine
69
purine or pyramidine? - degradation products: b-alanin (precursor of acetyl coa) & b-aminoisobutyrate (precursor of succinyl coa)
pyramidine
70
purine or pyramidine? | - ring cannot be cleaved in human cells
purine
71
purine or pyramidine? | - ring can be degraded to water soluble products
pyramidine
72
purine or pyramidine? | - degradation products: uric acid
purine
73
purine or pyramidine? | - associated with orotic aciduria
pyramidine
74
what AB drug INHIBITS | DIHYDROPTEROATE SYNTHASE
SULFONAMIDES
75
what chemotherapeutic drug INHIBITS | THYMIDYLATE SYNTHASE
5-FU
76
what 2 drugs (chemotherapuetic & AB) INHIBITS | DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE
METHOTHREXATE | TRIMETHOPRIM
77
what drug INHIBITS | HYPOXANTHINE OXIDASE
ALLOPURINOL
78
what chemotherapeutic drug INHIBITS | IMP DEHYDROGENASE
MYCOPHENOLATE
79
rate limiting step for bile synthesis
7a-hydroxylase

PLE 2017 (6 decks)

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