Biochemistry/Physiology/Bone/Histology 17% 11Q

Question 1

Name some the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 1

1. Thyroid stimulating hormone
2. Follicle stimulating hormone
3. Luteinizing hormone
4. Prolactin
5. Growth hormone
6. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 2

the condition which becomes apparent in the 30s and 40s and is caused by excessing growth hormone is called:

Answer 2

acromegaly

Question 3

Acromegaly is characterized by enlarged hands and facial features, In youths it is termed ______________.

Answer 3

gigantism

Question 4

Which two hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 4

1. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
2. Oxytocin

Question 5

Which two hormones, released by the anterior pitutitary gland, cause metabolic rate to increase?

Answer 5

growth hormone

thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 6

which hormone increases Ca in extracellular fluid (decrease bone Ca)?

Answer 6

Parathyoid hormone (PTH)

Question 7

which condition is characterized by high Ca Level, demineralization/pathogenic calcification of skeleton, brown tumors

Answer 7

Hyperparathyroidism

Question 8

Which states or conditions are associated with an increase in alkaline phosphatase? (3)

Answer 8

1. In children during growth
2. Following a fracture
3. Paget’s disease

Question 9

in which condition does a high alkaline phosphatase levels result from higher required levels of osteoblastic activity?

Answer 9

Paget’s

Question 10

_____________ results in cretinism in children

Answer 10

Hypoparathyroidism

Question 11

______________ results in myxedema in adults

Answer 11

Hypoparathyroidism

Question 12

Hypoparathyroidism is associated:

1. dentally with _____________ and ___________ eruption
2. incompletely formed _______ of permanent teeth
3. a __________ tongue
4. retardation of growth of __________ bones
5. mental ___________

Answer 12

1. root resorption and delayed eruption
2. roots
3. large
4. long
5. retardation

Question 13

Which condition has the greatest tendency towards delayed eruption of the teeth?

Answer 13

Hypothyroidism

Question 14

___________ affects electrical impulses due to lack of Ca in sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing decreased cardiac output

Answer 14

hypocalcemia

Question 15

Adrenocorticosteroid produced by ____________ gland

Answer 15

adrenal

Question 16

which organ is responsible for the regulation of calcium?

Answer 16

kidney

Question 17

Electromyography measures action potential of ( individual / large groups of ) muscle fibers.

Answer 17

individual

Question 18

with light continuous orthodontic force, bone responds with ___________ resorption

Answer 18

frontal

Question 19

with heavy orthodontic force, bone responds with ___________ resorption which results in hyalinization

Answer 19

undermining

Question 20

Undrmining resorption results in pressure necroses and avascular areas of PDL. It is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

1. Hyalinization
2. Neutrophils
3. Osteoblasts
4. Osteoclasts
5. Macrophages
6. Occurs in medullary space

Answer 20

Osteoblasts

Question 21

____________ bone results after a tooth has been moved from one position to another

Answer 21

transitional

Question 22

Fibroblasts and Osteoblasts come from:

1. Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in the PDL
2. Multinucleated giant cells from bone marrow (hematopoetic)

Answer 22

1. Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in the PDL

Question 23

Osteoclasts come from:

1. Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in the PDL
2. Multinucleated giant cells from bone marrow (hematopoetic)

Answer 23

2. Multinucleated giant cells from bone marrow (hematopoetic)

Question 24

Osteocytes come from __________ which are formed from osteoprogenitor cells

Answer 24

osteoblasts

Mesenchyme → Osteoprogenitor cells → Osteoblasts → Osteocytes

Question 25

Osteoprogenitor cells come from mesenchymal cells, which are condensations of neural crest cells. Meshenchyme turns into osteoprogenitor cells which are housed in ______________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 25

periosteum and endosteum Mesenchyme → Osteoprogenitor cells → Osteoblasts → Osteocytes

Question 26

Cartilage grows by **( appositional / interstitial / both )** growth. Bone grows by **( appositional / interstitial / both )** growth.

Answer 26

cartilage → both bone → appositional

Question 27

Bone formation starts as mesenchymal \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Bone tissue grows by differentiation of ______________ tissue.

Answer 27

condensation cartilaginous

Question 28

Name 3 post-natal cartilaginous growth sites

Answer 28

1. Spheno-occipital synchondroses 2. mandibular condyle 3. nasal septum

Question 29

Cartilage tissue is **( vascular / avascular )** and contains intracellular matrix of proteoglycans.

Answer 29

avascular

Question 30

Newly formed bone is woven bone: Woven→ Composite → \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 30

Lamellar

Question 31

In the functional metric theory, the two types of growth are _____________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 31

capsular and periosteal

Question 32

In the functional matrix theory, the ___________ matrix is responsible for **transformative** growth – the changes in size and shape.

Answer 32

**Periosteal**

Question 33

In the functional matrix theory, the ___________ matrix is responsible for **translative** growth – the changes in position

Answer 33

**Capsular**

Question 34

According to the functional matrix theory, the temporals muscle acts as a **( capsular / periosteal )** matrix on the coronoid process of Mn

Answer 34

periosteal

Question 35

According to the functional matrix theory, primary growth sites such as the condyle and sutures respond by compensating for **( transformative / translational )** forces

Answer 35

**translational** **(capsular matrix)**

Question 36

According to the functional matrix theory, **( transformation / translation )** is the movement of bony segments in space without any internal or localized changes.

Answer 36

translation

Question 37

T/F: According to the functional matrix theory, mandibular function (eating) influences mandibular growth

Answer 37

True

Question 38

the growth centers of the cranial base are the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-

Answer 38

synchondroses

Question 39

the growth centers of the cranial vault are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 39

there are no growth centers

Question 40

Secondary osteons are the replacement of existing bone (lamellar bone) during \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which occurs throughout life. Secondary osteons are formed in new cortical bone trailing moving tooth.

Answer 40

remodeling

Question 41

T/F: Primary osteons are present in woven bone, immature bone, new bone

Answer 41

True

Question 42

New bone formed after orthodontic movement and embryonic bone is called ____________ bone.

Answer 42

woven

Question 43

Which type of bone is Highly variable, relatively weak, disorganized, and poorly mineralized?

Answer 43

Woven bone

Question 44

Cortical bone is aka \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 44

compact bone

Question 45

trabecular bone is aka \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 45

cancellous bone

Question 46

Bones from where exhibit cartilage growth, sutural growth and periosteal growth?

Answer 46

**Cranial Base**

Question 47

Remodeling of bone results in histologic structures called:

Answer 47

secondary osteons

Question 48

The structural unit of compact bone is called:

Answer 48

Haversian system - present in adult skeleton

Question 49

At birth, the right and left sides of the mandible **( are / are not )** fused

Answer 49

are not

Question 50

**Fusion of the:** * Lip: week \_\_\_ * Premaxilla: week \_\_\_ * Hard Palate: week \_\_\_ * Soft Palate: week \_\_\_

Answer 50

5 6 8 12

Question 51

Basal bone and alveolar bone **( are / are not )** different histologically

Answer 51

are not

Question 52

Deposition of dye in animal bone growth studies is called

Answer 52

**Vital Staining**

Question 53

The major organic component of mature enamel is:

Answer 53

**Enamelin**

Question 54

The matrix of developing enamel includes: (3)

Answer 54

1. Amelogen 2. Enamelin 3. Tuft protein Rate of bone remodeling decreases with age

Question 55

The rate of bone remodeling **( increases / decreases )** with age

Answer 55

decreases

Question 56

Nasal Septum is usually deviated in the **( superior / inferior )** 1/3 and **( right / left )**

Answer 56

inferior left

Question 57

Nasal Cells are **( ciliated / nonciliated )** pseudostratisfied columnar

Answer 57

**ciliated**

Question 58

T/F: Undermining resorption leads to hyalinization, which is a histologic cell free zone

Answer 58

True

Question 59

“Bone adapts to the load under which it’s placed.” is known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_'s law

Answer 59

Wolfe's law