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Biodiveristy Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

Define Biodiversity.

A

The variety of living organisms found in a area.

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2
Q

Define Interdependence.

A

The mutual reliance and interconnection of organisms in a ecosystem.

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3
Q

Define Habitat biodiversity.

A

The number of differnt habitat found within an area.

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4
Q

Define species diversity.

A

The variety of live within a particular area encompassing both the number of differnt species and their relative abundance.

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5
Q

Define species richness.

A

The number of different species present in a given area or ecosystem.

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6
Q

Define species evenness.

A

How equally abundant differnt species are within a community.

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7
Q

Define abiotic factors.

A

Non-living conditions in a habitat

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8
Q

Define mutation

A

A change in the genetic material which may affect the phenotype of the organism.

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9
Q

Define gene flow.

A

When alleles are transferred from the one population to another by interbreeding.

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10
Q

What is genetic bottleneck?

A

When a large number of a population die prior to reproducing, leading to reduced genetic biodiversity within the population.

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11
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

When a few individuals of a species colonise a new area their offspring initially experience a loss genetic variation and rare alleles can become much more common in the population.

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12
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

A random change of allele frequency.

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13
Q

What is monomorphic gene loci?

A

A gene with only no differnt variations.

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14
Q

What is polymorphic gene loci?

A

A specific location on a chromosome where more than one allele exists within a population.

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15
Q

What is monoculture?

A

The cultivation of a single crop in a given area.

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16
Q

What is in-situ conservation?

A

Conservation methods within a natural habitat.

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17
Q

What is Ex situ conservation?

A

Conservation methods out of a natural habitat.

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18
Q

What is sustainable development?

A

Economic development that meets the needs of the people today without limiting the ability of the future generation to meet their needs.

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19
Q

What is succession?

A

The progressive replacement of one dominant type of species /community by another in an ecosystem until a stable climax community is established.

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20
Q

Why is measuring biodiversity important?

A

Allows the researcher to know how many species are in a area which provides a baseline for the level of biodiversity in an area so changes can be measured.

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21
Q

What are the three way of measuring biodiversity?

A

-Habitat biodiversity
-Species biodiversity
-Genetic biodiversity

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22
Q

What are keystone species?

A

A organism that contributes to its ecosystem.

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23
Q

What happens if keystone species are removed?

A

An organisms alters the structure and function of its ecosystem which results in a decrease in biodiversity and disrupts ecosystem stability.

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24
Q

What is sampling used for?

A

Measuring the number of differnt species, size of species or abundance of organism.

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25
How do you carry out a sampling study out?
1.Decide on organism to study 2.Mark out grid on the habitat using two tape measures at right angles 3.Use random number generator to determine the x coordinator and y coordinator on your grid 4.Take a sample at each of the coordinates. 5. Repeat sampling process.
26
What are the types of non random sampling?
Opportunity, systematic, stratified.
27
What is opportunity sampling?
Uses organisms that are readily available.
28
What is stratified sampling?
Different areas are identified and sampled separately.
29
What is systematic sampling?
Populations are divided into a number of differnt sub groups.
30
What are the advantages of opportunity sampling?
-Easier and faster than random sampling
31
What are the disadvantages of opportunity sampling?
-Data may be biased -over estimate of biodiversity
32
What are the advantages of systematic sampling?
Good when habitat shows gradient in environmental factors
33
What are the disadvantages of systematic sampling?
Only species on the line are recorded leading to an estimate.
34
What are the advantages of stratified sampling?
All areas are represented.
35
What are the disadvantage of stratified sampling?
Over representation could have a disproportionate number of samples taken in differnt areas.
36
What is random sampling?
Each individual has an equal of being picked.
37
What are the advantages of random sampling?
Data not biased
38
What are the disadvantages of random sampling?
May not cover all areas equally -Species with low presence may be missed.
39
What is a line transect?
A line is made between two points and the different types are counted.
40
What is a belt transect?
An area made in parallel and the between are sampled.
41
What is sampling never 100% reliable?
Samples may be selected with bias or chance.
42
What are sampling techniques for animals?
-Pitfall trap -Tullgren funnel -Pooter -kite nets and sweep nets -tree beating -release and recapture
43
What is a pitfall trap?
A container used for insects to fall into A raised cover is used to keep out the rain You can place washing up liquids in the bottom to kill predators
44
What is a tullgren funnel?
Used to extract organisms form a bundle of soil or leaves taken from woodland. Put a light source over sample -the organisms move away from light source into funnel.
45
What is a pooter?
A flexible tube to help catch inveterbrates
46
What is a kite net?
Used to catch flying insects which is used in a figure of 8 motion.
47
What is a sweep net?
A net used to not disturb grassland- figure of 8
48
What is tree beating?
Place a white sheet on the ground and use a stick to shake the tree/bush so invertebrates fall on the sheet.
49
What is release and recapture?.
A sample of organisms are marked and then released. A second sample is taken and the population is estimated with numbers marked.
50
What is the method for using a quadrat?
51
What is the method of using a transect?
52
How do you calculate biodiversity?
By using simpsons index
53
What is Simpsons index?
A measure of biodiversity that takes into account species evenness and richness
54
What does a high value mean?
A high biodiversity which is more likely to withstand change
55
Whats the level of number of species in a low biodiversity?
Relatively few
56
What is the level of number of species in a low biodiversity?
Relatively high
57
What is the nature of the environment in a low biodiverse area?
Stressful and extreme with relatively few ecological niches.
58
What is the nature of the environment in a high biodiverse area?
no stressful with ecological niches.
59
What are the types of food webs like in a low biodiverse area?
relatively simple
60
What are is the level of types of food webs in a low biodiversity
complex
61
What effects does low biodiverse areas have on a ecosystem?
major effects of the ecosystem.
62
What effects does low biodiverse areas have on a ecosystem?
often relatively small effect.
63
What is gene pool?
The total of all genes in a population at a given time.
64
What are the factors that increase genetic diversity?
Mutation Gene flow The number of polymorphic gene loci
65
What are factors that reduce genetic biodiversity?
-Selective breeding -captive breeding program -cloning -natural selection -genetic bottleneck -founder effect -genetic drift
66
How to calculate proportion of polymorphic gene loci?
number of polymorphic gene loci/ total of number of loci
67
What is deforestation?
The removal of forest to provide wood for building and fuel.
68
What is climate change?
Greenhouse gases warming the earth.
69
What is Agriculture?
Increasing the amount of land is farmed to be cleared and to feed the population
70
Why is biodiversity decreasing?
As the human population increases there is a large demand for housing, industry and farming.
71
How does deforestation occur?
- naturally by forest fires -human action- cutting down trees -human action indirectly -acid rain.
72
How does deforestation affect biodiversity?(4)
-Reduces number of trees in area. -Reduces species diversity as more useful trees are felled. -Habitats and food sources are destroyed which reduces number of species in the area. -animals are forced to migrate which increase biodiversity in neighbouring areas.
73
How does agriculture affect biodiversity?
-Deforestation- increases land for farming. -Removal of hedgerows -Use of chemical pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers -herbicides -monoculture
74
How does removal of hedgerows effect biodiversity?
Reduces number of plant species present in the area and destroys habitats to use large machinery.
75
How does the use of chemical pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers affect biodiversity?
Reduces species diversity as it removes pest species and food sources.
76
How does the use of herbicides affect biodiversity?
They reduce plant species and food sources.
77
How does monoculture effect biodiversity?
Plant one species of plant in a large area which lowers the plant diversity and animals as they are supported by one plant source.
78
How does climate change affect biodiversity?
-melting of polar ice cap -rising of sea levels- flooding of low land -higher temperatures leading to less rainfall -impact insect life cycle
79
What are the reasons for maintaining biodiversity?
-aesthetic reasons -economic reasons -ecological reasons
80
What are the aesthetic reasons for maintaining biodiversity?
-Presence of nature enriches lives -provides inspiration to artists -improves stress from patients.
81
How can a high biodiversity lead to economic advantage?
-Provides protection of antibiotic stress- when conditions change crops can be resistant. -greater diversity makes greater potential for future products -plant diseases are needed for crossbreeding -mono culture results in soil depletion and loss of nutrients
82
What are other economic advantages for maintaining biodiversity
-deforestation causes soil erosion and desertification -Unsustainable removal of resources which can lead to loss of raw materials -large scale habitat and biodiversity losses lead to extinction of species -promotes tourism leading to economic advantage
83
What are the ecological reasons for maintaining biodiversity?
-removal of species disrupts food sources - keystone species maintains ecological community - and helps determinate species richness and evenness.
84
How can humans increase biodiversity?
Natural habitats can be created by humans- farming, grazing, planting hedgerows, meadows and forest management.
85
What is conservation?
Preservation and careful management of the environment and natural resources.
86
What is extinct?
No organisms of the species exists anywhere in the world
87
What is extinct in the wild?
The organisms exists only in captivity.
88
What is endangered?
A species that is in danger of extinction.
89
What is vulnerable?
A species that is considered likely to become endangered in the future.
90
What does in situ conservation do?
Maintains genetic diversity of species -evolutionary adaptations that enable species to adapt continually to the environment -allows endangered species to interact with other species.
91
How does controlling grazing maintain biodiversity?
Farmers allow specific species to graze a specific area for a limited amount of time for specie to recover
92
How does restricting human access maintain biodiversity?
Provides paths for humans to step on instead of plants.
93
How does controlling poaching maintain biodiversity?
Creating defences to prevent access
94
How does feeding animals maintain biodiversity?
Ensure animal survive to a reporductive age
95
How does reintroducing species maintain biodiversity?
Adding species to area which have been extinct locally
96
How does culling or removal of invasive species maintain biodiversity?
Removal of species that have a negative effect on economy/environment/health which compete with native species
97
How does halting succession maintain biodiversity?
One community of organisms replaced by a stable community.
98
What are examples of ex situ conservation?
Botanical gardens- vulnerable species are grown Seed banks- seeds are carefully stored so that captive breeding programs-Produce offspring in a controlled environment
99
What are reasons that captive species are no longer allowed to be reintroduced into the environment?
-diseases -behaviour -genetic rates -habitat
100
Why are less resistant animals not allowed back in their environment?
They have loss resistance to their local diseases and still need resist against new diseases.
101
Why are animals with changed behaviour not allowed back into their environment?
Behaviour is innate or learned from experiance. If a animal is in captivity it wont know how to get food in the wild.
102
Why is that a genetic makeup if differnt then it can not be allowed back into its enviorment?
The original and new populations can not interbreed.
103
Why does the the habitat need to be restored for animals to be reintroduced?
For a large amount of individuals to live there and if the new individuals are introduced then the original individuals have to compete for territory and food.

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