Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Exchange surfaces and breathing > Flashcards

Exchange surfaces and breathing Flashcards

(54 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Why do we need specialised exchange surfaces for single celled organisms?(2)

A
  • Metabolic activities is low so oxygen and carbon dioxide demand is low
    -the surface area to volume ratio is large.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why do we need specialised surfaces for multicellular organisms?(3)

A

-small surface to volume ratio
-cells in centre of organisms do not get any materials as diffusion distances are too great.
-metabolic rate is increased so increased demand to exchange materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the nasal cavity do?

A

Warms and filters the air before it reaches the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Whats the key structures of the nasal cavity?(3)

A

-Large surface area and good blood supply-warms air once entered the body
-Hairy lining + mucus traps bacteria and dust
-Moist surfaces- increases humidity in air which reduces evaporation of lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the trachea do?

A

Allows the travel of expired and inspired air.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the key structures of the trachea?

A

Supported by layers of cartilage which holds it open and stops from collapsing.
-the rings are incomplete to help the trachea bend
-lined with ciliated epithelial + goblet cells to clear airways of bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the bronchus do?

A

They carry air into your lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the key structures of bronchi?

A

They have cartilage which hold the plates open.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do bronchioles do?

A

They allow air to be transported into the alveoli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the key features of bronchioles?

A

They are held open by smooth muscle.
When contracting the muscle constricts and when relaxing the muscle dilates.
Lined epithelium tissue to make gas exchange possible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do alveoli do?

A

Where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange is made.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is alveoli made of?

A

Type 1 Alveolar cells(flattened epithelial cells) and collagen fibres + elastic fibres.
The elastic fibres recoil which make air exit( elastic recoil)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the key features of alveoli?

A

-Large surface area
-Thin layers-short diffusion distances
-Good blood supply
-Good ventilation- breathing in and out maintains a steep concentration gradient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What stops lungs from collapsing and how?

A

Water, salt and a surfactant( a phospholipid) which reduces surface tension.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What leads to lungs collapsing?

A

inhalation produce low pressure in lung to draws in fresh air which leads the lungs to collapse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What keeps the bronchi/bronchioles open?

A

Cartilage keeps them open.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the pleural cavity do?

A

Helps the lungs breathe effectively.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the structure of the pleural cavity?

A

The pleural membrane(A double membrane) encloses the lungs. The space between the membrane is called the pleural cavity which is filled with little pleural fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does Pleural fluid do?

A

It lubricates the lungs and makes the lungs adhere to the thoracic cavity(chest) by water cohesion so the lungs can expand.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the definition of ventilation?

A

The movement of fresh air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens to the diagram during inspiration?

A

contracts and flattens- moves down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens to the intercostal muscles during inspiration?

Study These Flashcards
A

External-contracts which moves the rib cage up and out
internal- relaxes

23
Q

What happens to the thoracic volume during inspiration?

24
Q

What happens to the thoracic pressure during inspiration?

25
What happens to the air flow during **inspiration**?
Air into lungs- equalises pressure differences
26
What happens to the diaphram during **exhalation**?
Relaxes and moves up.
27
What happens to the intercostal muscles during **exhalation**?
External- relaxes which moves the rib cage in and down internal - contracts
28
What happens to the thoracic volume during ** exhalation**?
It decreases.
29
What happens to the thoracic pressure during **exhalation*?
It increases
30
What happens to the air flow during **exhalation?**?
Out of lungs
31
What is a peak flow meter?
A device that measures the rate of air being expelled from your lungs.
32
What is a Vitalograph?
Produces a graph of the rate of air being expelled out of the lungs and how quickly.
33
What is a spirometer?
A device which measures different aspects of lung volume
34
Why does the volume of gas decrease over time?
-the soda line absorbs CO2 -decreases levels of O2 used by participant -breathing in- oxygen in tank is used up -breathing out- CO2 is absorbed
35
What is **Tidal Volume**?
The volume of air that moves in and out with each resting breath.
36
What is **Vital Capacity**
The volume of air that can be breathed in when the strongest possible exhalation is followed by the deepest possible intake of breath.
37
What is **Inspiratory volume**?
The maximum volume of air that you can breathe in.
38
What is **Expiratory volume**?
The maximum volume of air that you can breathe out.
39
What is **Residual volume**?
The volume of air left in your lungs when you have exhaled as hard as possible.
40
What is the equation for Respiratory minute ventilation?
Tidal Volume x Breathing rate
41
How does a spirometer work?
42
What is the structure of a gill?
They are made of stacked filaments at right angles. These filaments are filled with lamellae which contain blood capillaries. They are covered by the operculum which helps maintain water over the gills.
43
What adaptations do gills have?(5)
-large surface area -good blood supply-maintain concentration gradient -thin surface- keep diffusion distances short -tips of gill filaments over laps which slows down water for more time for gas exchange to occur. -counter current exchange system.
44
What does the counter current exchange system do?
Stops the flow from reaching equilibrium and maintains a steep diffusion concentration gradient which allows body fish to remove 80% of oxygen from water.
45
What do cartilaginous fish have to rely on for breathing?
RAM ventilation, the fish ahs to keep swimming for water to flow over their gills- the mouth and operculum has to be open constantly.
46
What is the counter current system?
Blood with a low oxygen concentration passes through the gill lamellae and oxygen diffuses from the water into the blood Blood with a high oxygen concentration passes out of the gill lamellae and leaves the gills The flow of blood is in the opposite direction to the flow of water - this is called a counter-current system and helps to maintain a steep oxygen concentration gradient
47
Why do insects need a tracheal system?
As they have a exoskeleton and no haemoglobin which makes gas exchange not possible.
48
What do spiracles do and how?
Allow air to enter the body and water to leave the body. by controlled muscles which help it to open and close to reduce water loss.
49
What does the trachea do? ( insects)
Deliver oxygen straight to the tissues.
50
What are the adaptations for the trachea(insects)?
It is lined with chitin ,these are impermeable rings which stop structures collapsing.
51
What does lactic acid help with?
Dissolving oxygen and water build up at the bottom of the tracheoles which decreases water potential so water moves back into cells.
52
What is the pathway of oxygen down the tracheal system?
Air enters spiracles and passes along tracheae and tracheoles Oxygen dissolves in the fluid at the ends of the tracheoles The dissolved oxygen diffuses from the tracheole (high concentration) to the cells (low concentration) Dissolved carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells (high concentration) to the tracheole (low concentration) Carbon dioxide passes into the tracheae Air rich in carbon dioxide leaves the tracheal system through spiracles
53
What are the adaptations for tracheoles?
- no chitin so are permeable to gases -small and many - large surface area for gas exchange .
54
What is at the end of the tracheoles?
Tracheal fluid which keeps them moist for oxygen and CO2 dissolving

Biology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions