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Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 6 kingdoms of life?

A 
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Plantae
Anamalia
Fungi
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2
Q

What are the 4 main characteristics of kingdom Eubacteria?

A

Unicellular
Heterotroph
Anaerobic or Aerobic
Asexual reproduction

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3
Q

What are the 4 main characteristics of kingdom Archaebacteria?

A

Unicellular
Heterotroph
Anaerobic
Asexual Reproduction

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4
Q

What are the 4 main characteristics of kingdom Protista?

A 
Protists were the first eukaryotes
All protists are eukaryotes
Either unicellular or multicellular
Autotrophs and/or Heterotrophs 
Reproduce asexually but some can reproduce sexually
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5
Q

What are the 4 main characteristics of kingdom of Plantae?

A

Multicellular
Autotroph
Aerobic
Sexual and asexual reproduction

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6
Q

What are the 4 main characteristics of kingdom Anamalia?

A

Multicellular
Heterotroph
Aerobic
Sexual reproduction

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7
Q

What are the 4 main characteristics of kingdom Fungi?

A

Multicellular
Heterotophic
Aerobic
Sexual and asexual Reprodution

Two types of food intake:
Saprobes: absorb food from decaying matter
Parasitic: feed on living organisms

Absorption methods:
Endocytosis
Hyphae: threadlike filaments that grow into mycelium

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8
Q

What is a virus/ what are some characteristics of viruses?

A

Non living pathogens (disease causing)
Infect all types of cells
Most are harmful however some can benefit humankind (ie. drug and gene therapy)
Not made of cells
Have no organelles or cell membrane
Do not perform any cellular functions such as cellular respiration, protein synthesis,DNA replication and no photosynthesis
Cannot reproduce on their own
Characteristics of Viruses
Extremely small (approx 1 billionth of a meter)
Viruses are made of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by capsid
Some viruses are surrounded by a viral envelope obtained from the host cell’s membrane
Proteins on the envelope help the virus to infect living cells & different viruses have different proteins
Viruses are obligate parasites- they require host cells for reproduction
They cannot copy their own genetic information nor can they build new capsids or envelopes
They parasite living cells which do the work of reproduction usually resulting in the death of the host cell
Life cycles can be either lytic or lysogenic

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9
Q

What is the lytic life cycle?

A

Attachment- target specific cells due to proteins on the outside of the host cell
Entry- RNA or DNA injected into host cell
Replication- viral genetic material commands the host cell to copy genetic information & to make viral proteins = protein coat
Assembly- genetic material is packaged into protein coat forming new viruses
Release- host cell bursts releasing new viruses which can infect neighbouring cells

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10
Q

What is the lysogenic life cycle?

A

Attachement
Entry
2b. Provirus - viral DNA becomes part of host DNA- no symptoms
2c. Cell division- includes copying of the viral DNA-no symptoms
3. Replication- viral DNA ‘turns on’ causing the host cell to copy genetic information & to make viral proteins
4. Assembly
5. Release

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11
Q

What are the differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotes:

  • No membrane bound nucleus
  • All unicellular
  • Single circular chromosome
  • Flagella movement spin-like
  • Cell division via binary fission
  • Asexual reproduction only
  • Few to no membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotes:

  • Membrane-bound nucleus present
  • Unicellular and multicellular
  • Multiple linear chromosomes
  • Flagella movement whip-like
  • cell divison via mitosis
  • Asexual and/or sexual reproduction
  • Many membrane-bound organelles
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12
Q

What are the characteristics of bacteria?

A

The two kingdoms of bacteria Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
All bacteria are unicellular and reproduce by binary fission
Cells are prokaryotic so have no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
All bacteria have plasmids

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13
Q

How are prokaryotic cells identified?

A

Bacteria is identified based on size and shape, nutrition, movement, uses and DNA comparisons
Bacterial cells are stained using Gram stains

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14
Q

What are the two types of prokaryotic cells?

A

Archaebacteria
-often referred to as ‘extremophiles’ since they inhabit environments which would be deadly to other forms of life (hot springs, volcanos, very salty water)
Eubacteria
-Common types of bacteria which can be beneficial to humans (make cheeses) or can cause disease (strep throat)

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15
Q

Describe Archaebacteria, and the three types

A 
Oldest group of living organisms
Thrive in extreme conditions
Many of them live anaerobically
They are not pathogenic
All of them are heterotrophs

Three major groups of archaebacteria are
Methanogens (found in swamps, sewage areas and other places with high methane)
Halophiles (found in very salty environments such as salt lakes)
Thermophiles (found in extremely hot environments such as volcanoes and hot springs)

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16
Q

Describe Eubacteria?

A

Contains a polysaccharide called peptidoglycan in their cell walls
Can live in both aerobic or anaerobic conditions
Some are pathogenic

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17
Q

Describe Protista

A

The first eukaryotes to evolve so contains membrane bound nucleus and organelles
There are three types: animal like, plant like and fungal like

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18
Q

What are Protozoa and the different types?

A

Animal Like Protista
Called Protozoa
Unicellular
Heterotrophs
Classified based on their type of locomotion
Some can move with flagella, cilia or pseudopodia
Some cannot move
Reproduction is mostly asexual or through binary fission
Reproduction can be sexual in times of stress
Often found in water either freshwater or marine

Types of Protozoa
Flagellates:
Move using long flagella
Heterotrophs that consume bacteria and other protists

Ciliates:
Move using hundreds of cilia
Cilia are used to sweep food particles into the organism
Common to freshwater

Sarcodines:
Move using pseudopodia
Pseudopodia surround prey and prey is digested inside the organism

Sporozoans
Cannot move
Produce spores during one point in their life cycle

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19
Q

Describe plant like protista

A 
Some are unicellular
Some are multicellular
Classified based on the type of chlorophyll, structural differences and metabolism (autotrophic vs heterotrophic)
Reproduction is asexual
Cells surrounded by cell wall
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20
Q

Describe fungal like protista

A

Usually unicellular
Can congregate into multicellular structures for sexual reproduction using spores
Heterotrophic (can be parasitic or decomposers)
Usually multiply asexually
Can be sexual
Cells surrounded by cell wall different from cell wall of the fungi kingdom

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21
Q

Describe Fungi

A

Eukaryotic cells surrounded by a cell wall
Most are multicellular
Are heterotrophs
Get energy from consuming living and decaying organisms
Structure
Bodies made up of many filaments called hyphae
Most hyphae are found underground in a network called mycelium

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22
Q

What are the two types of body symmetry?

A

Radial: The body parts are arranged around a central axis so more than 1 imaginary plane result in mirror images (ie. starfish, jellyfish, sandollar)

Bilateral: the body parts are arranged with front and back, tops and bottoms, rights and lefts, so that only one plane results in mirror images (ie. humans, frogs, birds)

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23
Q

What are vertebrates?

A

Have internal skeleton made of bones or cartilage which surrounds a spinal chord
Includes fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles and mammals

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24
Q

What are invertebrates?

A

an animal lacking a backbone, such as an arthropod, mollusk, annelid, coelenterate, etc. The invertebrates constitute an artificial division of the animal kingdom, comprising 95 percent of animal species and about 30 different phyla.

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25
Aerobic respiration
When energy is produced by breaking down sugar, happens in the presence of oxygen
26
Anaerobic respiration
When energy is produced by breaking down sugar, happens without oxygen
27
Asexual reproduction
Reproduction by mitosis or binary fission, produces cells identical to the original cell
28
Autotrophic
Is able to produce its own food energy from the sun's light energy
29
Binomial Nomenclature
The system of giving a two word latin name to each species- the first part is the genus and the second part is the species
30
Cilia
short hairs (usually on protista and bacteria)
31
Flagella
long hairs (usually on protista and bacteria)
32
Heterotrophic
Cannot produce it's own energy, must ingest other living things for food energy
33
What are the classes of vertabrae?
``` Agnatha Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia ```
34
What are the characteristics of Agnatha?
``` Jawless Circular toothed mouth Most primitive vertabrae Skeleton made of cartilage 2 chambered heart Absence of paired fins Slimy skins without scales Single nostril ```
35
What are the characteristics of Chondrichthyes?
``` Jawed Triangular teeth that are shed and replaced Paired fins for movement Scales on skin Paired nostrils 2 chambered heart ```
36
What are the characteristics of Osteichthyes?
``` Jawed Skeleton made from bone Paired fins and nostrils Scales on skin Swim bladder 2 chambered heart ```
37
What are the characteristics of Amphibia?
Skeleton made from bones and cartilage 3 chambered heart Skin has no scales Gills when young, lungs when mature
38
What are the characteristics of Reptilia?
``` Many are 4 limbed Skin covered in scales Lungs 3 chambered heart: 2 aorta and 1 ventricle separated by a septum Cold blooded Skeleton made from bones Solitary creatures ```
39
What are the characteristics of Aves?
``` Warm blooded 4 chambered heart Hollow bones Feathers Air sacs for continuous supply of oxygen Improved sight Beak with no teeth Bipedal ```
40
What are the characteristics of Mammalia?
``` What are the characteristics of Mammalia? Hair/fur Mammary glands Warm-blooded 4 chambered heart 3 middle ear bones ```
41
What are the classes of Invertebrates?
Porifera (Sponges) | Cnidaria (Jellyfish, Corals, and Anemones)
42
What are the characteristics of Porifera?
Lack true tissues or organs | Sessile
43
What are the characteristics of Cnidaria?
Radial symmetry Have nemotocysts External fertilization
44
What characteristics of Echinodermata?
Asexual (regeneration) and sexual reproduction | Lack respiratory and circulatory systems
45
Pseudopod
arm like' projections usually on protista
46
Taxonomy
the branch of biology that identifies, names and classifies species based on natural features
47
Developmental Similarities
Compares early stages of embryonic development to reveal similarities
48
Structural Similarities
Similar anatomical structures can indicate a common ancestor (regardless of function) Homologous structures = structures are similar in form but have different functions Analogous structures = structure AND function are similar in different organisms
49
what are the 6 kingdoms?
``` Animals Plants Protists Archaea (Archaebacteria) Eubacteria Fungi ```
50
genetic similarties
Organisms are more likely to share common ancestors if they are genetically similar Genetic traits are inherited and the more genes they have in common, the closer their relationship
51
Phylogeny
The evolutionary relationships between species
52
Phylogenetic Tree
A diagram that illustrates the evolutionary relationships between organisms
53
Characteristics of bacteria:
All are single-celled. All are prokaryotes - DNA is not surrounded by a membrane. Cell organelles are NOT surrounded by a membrane. DNA of bacteria is made up of a single chromosome. All bacteria reproduce asexually by binary fission.
54
Gram stain
Bacteria can be classified by their reaction to a gram stain (made of crystal violet and iodine) Gram - positive: Cells that retain the dye and appear purple Cells have different cell wall Are more common, less pathogenic Gram- negative: Cells that don’t retain dye and are light pink
55
what are the 4 modes of nutrition?
Photoautroph - Energy source: Light - Carbon source: CO2 Chemoautroph - Energy souce: Inorganic chemicals - Carbon source: CO2 Photoheterotroph: - Energy source: Light - Carbon souce: organic compounds Chemohetertroph: - Energy source: Organic compounds - Carbon source: Organic compounds
56
Types of respiration for bacteria
Aerobes (use oxygen for respiration) - Obligate aerobes: need oxygen to survive Anaerobes( don't need oxygen for respiration) - Obligate anaerobes: presence of oxygen kills them - Facultative aerobes: can survive with or without oxygen
57
Reproduction in bacteria:
Reproduce asexually by binary fission Parent cell divides into two identical offspring No exchange of genetic material Most bacteria can divide 15-20 minutes under good conditions Mutations are rare, but because they reproduce so frequently, many mutations do occur. This affects their diversity and evolution.
58
Conjucation
Bacterium have one chromosome, and a smaller ring of DNA called a plasmid. Plasmids contain fewer genes. If conditions are not optimal, bacteria may take part in conjugation. Conjugation - two bacteria cells connect via a protein bridge. The plasmid of one cell is given to the other. The receiving bacteria now has a new genetic makeup. This increases its changes of surviving the new (poor) conditions.
59
how do vaccinations work?
Mixture that contains weakened parts of a dangerous virus Introduces the immune system to the virus without causing an infection When injected, the body creates a form of chemical memory Allows immune system to react quickly if it ever comes in contact with the real virus
60
Traits of protists
``` Protists were the first eukaryotes All protists are eukaryotes Either unicellular or multicellular Autotrophs and/or Heterotrophs Reproduce asexually but some can reproduce sexually ```
61
Reproduction methods of Fungi
Both asexual and sexual by means of spores Spores are haploid (n) Contain half the amount of chromosomes Categorized based on pattern of sexual reproduction
62
3 main categories of Fungi
Caselike Fungi (Phylum: Zygomycota) Terrestrial saprobes Spores in caselike structure: sporangium Hyphae that extend into the food source: rhizoids Reproduction: Asexual if favourable conditions Sexual if unfavourable conditions Saclike Fungi (Phylum: Ascomycota) Spores in saclike (ascus) structure Saprobic Reproduction: Asexual: spores called conidia Found on tips of reproductive hyphae Sexual: produces ascospores, dormant Clublike Fungi (Phylum: Basidiomycota) Saprobes or parasites Spores held on club like structure called Basidia and spread by wind Reproduction: Asexual: asexual spore production/budding Sexual: mycelium conjugation between 2 compatible hyphae
63
Charchteristics of plants
``` Eukaryotic Multicellular Carry out photosynthesis (autotrophs) Have cell walls containing cellulose Develop from embryos protected by tissues of the parent plant Primarily live on land Can thrive in a variety of environments Sessile (can’t move from place to place) ```
64
Bryophytes: The Mosses (Non-vascular Plants)
Bryophyte is the term for plants such as mosses, hornworts and liverworts Lack true roots, stems, and leaves Bryophytes are classified based on their lack of vascular tissue (xylem/phloem), creation of spores and synthesis of food through photosynthesis Bryophytes reproduce both sexually and asexually, plants use spores and pollen to reproduce sexually Grow in moist environments
65
Vascular Plants: Pteridophytes
A seedless vascular plant Development of vascular tissue Xylem Phloem Transportation of water and nutrients - Reproduce sexually Spore producing plants (club mosses,ferns) Form gametophyte which combines to form sporophyte (no seeds!)
66
Seed Producing Vascular Plants: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Specialized organs (leaves, stems, roots) Produce either cones or flowers In most of these plants, the entire male gametophyte is carried from one plant to another by wind or by animals Gymnosperms: Cone Producing (eg. conifers) Produce two types of cones- male and female Male- pollen cones, Female- seed cones Angiosperms Flower producing Reproduce sexually through pollination or seeds Could be done by self, or cross pollination Seed develops into fruit
67
Angiosperm Life Cycle
Outer area made of sepals and petals Contains male and female parts Stamen (male reproductive part) Pollen (containing sperm) produced by anther Carpel - female reproductive part - at the base is the ovary which produces eggs Stigma - carpel opening Fertilization: pollen travels down style, sperm fertilizes egg

Biology (7 decks)

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