Biodiversity Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
(T) What is biodiversity? How is it displayed in species?
A
Number and variety of organisms (in an area/ecosystem)
2
Q
(T) What is the definition of a species?
A
A group of organisms that can interbreed (all levels; the average descendant must be fertile)
3
Q
(T) What is speciation?
A
The long term process that evolves an origin species into a variety of similar but different species
4
Q
(T) Variation
A
Any differences between living organisms caused by genetic differences or environmental factors
5
Q
(T) Natural selection
A
The process in which favorable traits (that survive) become more common (as the less favorable ones die out) in successive generations
6
Q
(T) Structural Adaptation
A
Adaptations in which organisms change their body structure
7
Q
(T) Behavioural Adaptation
A
Adaptations in which organisms change their habits
8
Q
(T) Diversity Index
A
Diversity of species in an area (#species/#organisms in the same area, approximate)
9
Q
(ST) What are the 4 statements of natural selection?
A
1: All organisms produce more offspring than can possibly survive
2: There is incredible variation intraspecies
3: Some of these variations increase the chance of organism reproducing
4: Variations that are passed on change species’ genetics and characteristics over time
10
Q
(T) Niche
A
- The “skilletry” of an organism (can be broad or narrow)
- How they meet their basic needs (food, shelter, water, etc.)
- Their role in the environment (including all interactions with different organisms/species no matter if different or same)
- Their habitat (can only be a certain niche in a certain environment)
11
Q
(ST) 3 Main Parts of a Niche
A
Habitat, Way of meeting basic needs (Skill set) , Interactions (role in environment),
12
Q
(T) Specialist
A
The niche of an organism is narrow, e.g.
- Only lives in certain areas (narrow habitat)
- Does not tolerate changing conditions
- Only uses a small amount of skills to meet their needs
- Few food sources
- Smaller populations
- Intraspecies competition
- Koalas, Pandas, etc.
- Less competition with other species (e.g. only they can eat that type of food)
13
Q
(Textbook)Intraspecies
A
Between same species
14
Q
(Textbook)Generalist
A
Broad niche, e.g.
- Lives in a lot of places
- Lots of food sources
- Tolerates many changing conditions
- Interspecies competition
- Large populations
- Pigeons, mice, humans, etc.
15
Q
(Textbook)Interspecies
A
Between different species
16
Q
EXTRA: Dependency
A
All interactions between species that depend on each other to survive (e.g. wolves eat pigs to survive hunger)
17
Q
EXPLANATION (EXTRA):Dependency VS Symbiosis
A
In dependency, it can be any interaction and one organism can even die (e.g. predatory), Symbiosis is a close long term relationship
18
Q
(Textbook)Competition
A
Organisms in opposition for the same resources (No matter if same species or not)
19
Q
(Textbook)Symbiosis
A
A close, long-term relationship between species
20
Q
(Textbook)Commensalism
A
Symbiotic relationship where the host is not affected and the other species benefits
21
Q
(Textbook)Mutualism
A
Symbiotic relationship where both benefit
22
Q
(Textbook)Parasitism
A
Symbiotic relationship where the host is harmed and the parasite benefits
23
Q
Extra: Genetic Drift
A
Change in make up randomized, population decreases, impact of single organism chance increases
24
Q
(Textbook)Taxonomy
A
Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain
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(EXTRA Explanation)Taxonomy terms examples
Species: Human, Chimpanzee
Genus: Homo, Canis
Family: Hominidae, Canidae
Order: Primates
Class: Mammalia
Phylum: Chordata
Kingdom: Animalia
Domain: Eukarya, Archaea
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(Textbook)(BD2) 3 ways of reproduction that organisms use
Sexual, Asexual, Both
27
(T) Asexual Reproduction
-Only one parent
-Cloning (almost identical unless mutation)
-Common in bacteria, fungi
28
(Semi-Textbook EXPLANATION)Asexual Reproduction (Analysis)
Pro:
-Easy (1 parent)
-Save energy and time
-More offspring
Con:
-Vulnerable to disease (identical genes)
-Decreases variation
29
(Textbook)Asexual Reproduction (Types):
1: Binary Fission
- Splits cells by duplicating contents
- Identical (e.g. amoeba)
- Prokaryotes
30
(Textbook)Asexual Spores
Spores a.k.a. plantlets: Single-celled reproductive structures
-Large quantities
-Identical organisms
-Fungi and algae, ferns
-Scattered around
-Cells that parent produces that can directly develop into an adult (e.g. ferns)
Zoospores: Uses flagellum (big tail, cilia is small hairs)
31
(Textbook)Budding
-Organism produces new group of cells (Bud)
-When bud is finished growing, it detaches
-Completely identical independent organism (e.g. sea sponges, hydra, yeast)
32
(Textbook)Vegetative Reproduction
-Plant Asexual Reproduction
-Meristems: Rapidly growing cells at the tips of roots and stems, like stem cells but plant (unspecialized) (clone cells), helps quick repairs (a type of stem cells)
-Used to repair damage
-Used to make clones of parents in certain positions (e.g. CUTTING; cutting a plant part and placing it in a new piece of soil, RUNNERS like strawberries, TUBERS like potatoes, RHIZOMES like ginger, GRAFTING like budwood (putting a plant stem onto another), layering, tissue culture, tubers)
33
(Textbook)Mitosis
-Duplicates cell usually in eukaryotes
-Somatic cells (non-sexual)
Process:
-Copies chromosomes (DNA) and organelles
-Split nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane
-Two new genetically identical cells
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(Explanation)Mitosis vs Binary fission
Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
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(Textbook)(2.2 Sexual Reproduction)
-2 Parents
-Offspring is genetically unique
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(EXPLANATION) Sexual Reproduction: Analysis
Advantages:
-Biological Diversity
-Beneficial traits are passed on
-Healthier population and less vulnerable to disease
Disadvantages:
-Takes time
-Not efficient (hard to find a mate)
-Requires energy
-Special conditions for zygote to successfully grow to an embryo and the embryo to survive
37
(Textbook)Zygospores
Spore has two parents' genetic material, usually in fungi or algae
38
(Textbook)Bacterial Conjugation
Directly transferring genetic material (between bacteria), a special form of sexual reproduction (no new organism created), recipient gets new genes
39
(Semi-Textbook)Plants:
Reproduce by forming seeds (embryo with cotyledon and seed coat and nutrients), joins pollen with ovule in ovary, fertilizes
-Petals fall off
-Ovary becomes pericarp/"fruit"
40
EXTRA: Evolution of Plants Order
Algae (Charophytes), Moss (Bryophytes), Ferns (Tracheophytes), Gymnosperms (Gymnospermae), Angiosperms (Anthophytes)
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EXTRA Algae
Charophytes:
-Aquatic
-Osmosis
-No leaf, no root, no stem, no seeds, no flower, no fruit
-Spores
-Photosynthesis
-E.g. kelp, spirogyra (water silk)
- No Vascular tissue
42
EXTRA Moss
Bryophytes:
- Fake "root" (no transport of nutrients, only structural support),
- has stem, leaf, uses osmosis
- Spores
- Vascular tissue but no cambium
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EXTRA: Ferns
Tracheophytes:
-Uses spores (in the back of the leaf)
-Has root, stem, leaf (fully functioning root)
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(Textbook)Gymnosperms:
Gymnospermae:
-Seeds with no pericarp (covering layer, fruit/shell (orange/peanut)
-E.g. conifers, cycads
- Seed coat ≠ pericarp, flower, no fruit, no "nut"
-Simple definition: Exposed seed
45
(Textbook)Angiosperms:
Anthophytes:
-All 6 main components (Root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit, seed)
-Has pericarp covering seed
-E.g. strawberry, grape, corn, apple
-Most plants that we see today (most dominant taxon)
- Simple definition: Flowering Plants
46
(Textbook)Zygote
The first cell of an organism
47
(Textbook)Describe a seed
Outside = Seed coat
Most inside part = food = cotyledon (dicot) = endosperm + cotyledon (monocot)
small leaf = leaf = epicotyl (tip = shoot = plumule)
Small stem = hypocotyl
Tip of small stem = radicle
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(Textbook)Pollination
Pollen lands on stigma
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(Textbook)Fertilization
Pollen interacts with ovule in ovary
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(Semi-Textbook)External Fertilization
Both parents release gametes into the environment and hopefully they get fertilized
51
(Textbook)Why do plants reproduce both asexually and sexually?
Avoiding limitation and increasing chance of reproduction
52
(Textbook)Why internal > external?
High fertility rate
53
(Textbook)Heredity vs Genetics
Traits passed on = heredity
Branch of science that studies/explains heredity = genetics
54
(Textbook)Animal
- Sperm and egg combine in a liquid environment
- Zygote forms and uses mitosis to form embryo, then fetus
- X sperm and Y sperm (same 22 chromosomes, the 23rd is gender which is different) , only X egg, whichever joins together makes the zygote
55
(Textbook)(2.1+2.2) Which organisms can reproduce both asexually and sexually?
Plants + Fungi
56
(Textbook)(2.3 Variations) Continuous variation
Variation between individuals in a species that has range of possibilities (e.g., height, skin color, etc.)
57
(Textbook)Discrete variation
Limited amount of possibilities (e.g. yes or no rolled tongue)
58
(Textbook)(2.4 DNA + Traits) Dominant trait
(Trait = characteristic of organism)
Trait's expression can be seen/expressed/shown and masks the recessive trait of the individual
59
(Textbook)Recessive Trait
Trait that is not expressed in offspring unless both parents pass it down
60
(In slides)Phenotype
The expressed version of all traits in an organism
61
(In slides)Genotype
The genetics behind the phenotype (Collection of all alleles/Collection of all the specific types of all genes)
62
(In slides)Nature vs Nurture
Genetics vs Experiences/Environment
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(Textbook)Mutations
Unexpected changes to DNA
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(Textbook)Mutagens
Things that cause mutations
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(Textbook)Too many mutations?
Health problems (cancer, down syndrome) or new species
66
(Textbook)DNA
-Deoxyribonucleic acid
-Molecule discovered by Johann Miescher in 1868
-Is the "code" that organisms use to reproduce and control cells
-Reproduces itself, causes variations by merging/mutating
-Structure discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, (evidence by Rosalind Franklin)
67
(Textbook)Chromosomes
-Many strands of DNA clumped together
-Every human cell has 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes
-One copy/set of 23 comes from each parent
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(Textbook)Gene
Part/Specific sequence in DNA that affects a certain trait/function in the organism/cell
69
(Textbook)Structure of DNA
-Double helix/Coiled ladder
-In nucleus of cell
-Sides of ladder are made of alternating deoxyribose (sugars) and phosphates
-Middle of ladder are AT, CG nitrogen nucleotide bases connected by hydrogen bonds (not actual hydrogen)
-Nucleotides: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
70
(Textbook)Genetic Code
Sequence of AT, CG that tells it how to control productions of protein in a cell, proteins control cell function
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(In slides)Karyotypes
Image of all 23 chromosome pairs
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(Textbook)(2.5 Cell Division) Meiosis (Sex cell division) (INFO)
-Only in gametes
-Gametes only have 23 chromosome individuals (not pairs)
-When combining sperm and egg (fertilization), zygote has 23+23=46 chromosomes or 23 pairs
73
(Textbook)Gametes
Sex cells with half the chromosomes
74
(Explanation) Mitosis vs Meiosis
-Mitosis = Somatic (non-sex cells), meiosis =Gametes (sex cells)
-Meiosis has 2 sets of divisions, while mitosis only has one division
-Final haploid (meiosis) has half (23) instead of 46 chromosomes, while diploid (mitosis) has 46 normally
75
(Textbook)How many cells are in the human body?
60 to 100 trillion
76
(Explanation)Meiosis: Phases
Interphase (Before meiosis):
G1, S, G2
Meiosis I: Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I
Meiosis II: Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
77
(Process Explanation) Interphase:
G1: Grows
S: Duplicates:
Example: Original chromosome U
1. Doubles in length, still one chromosome but forms two IDENTICAL sister chromatids joined at a CENTROMERE
2.
G2: Further growth, prepares for division, checks for errors
78
(Meiosis I, reductional) Prophase I
Prophase I: Homologous Chromosomes (Chromosomes of the same traits but from different parents) oU and dU join, exchanging genetic information (usually split apart as chromatins)
-Synapsis: Pairing up (all 46), 4 chromatids per chromosome is a tetrad PAIR (Chromatids oU1, oU2, dU1, dU2 form chromosome pair xU)
-Exchanges/Crosses over genetic info (Genetic recombination)
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Prometaphase I
-Nuclear envelope breaks down completely
-Meiotic spindle fibers form
-Spindle fibers = microtubules
-Kinetochore = Protein disk outside of centromere that receipts microtubules/spindle fibers
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Metaphase I
After oU and dU form xU, xU and other chromosome pairs align at the (fake/imaginary) equator/metaphase plate
81
Anaphase I
Uses enzymes to rip apart, pulled towards opposite poles of the cell
-xU = oU1 + oU2 + dU1 + dU2 + centromere (at metaphase plate)
After Anaphase: (oU1 + oU2) at one pole, (dU1 + dU2) at the other
82
Telophase I:
Germ cell (original) splits into two haploid cells (half the chromosomes, only (n) vs diploid (2n))
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(Meiosis II, equational) Prophase II
-Chromosomes condense (more visible under microscope)
-Spindles form to prepare for division
-Nuclear envelope breaks down
-No exchange of genes
(Different from Interphase, in Interphase no spindles, nuclear envelope intact)
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Prometaphase II
-Nuclear envelope breaks down
-Spindle fibers or microtubules attach to kinetochores
-
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Metaphase II
Align at metaphase plate of cell
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Anaphase II
-Separates sister chromatids (oU1 and oU2 separate)
-oU1 and oU2 are now considered INDIVIDUAL chromosomes with genetics from dU as well
87
Telophase I + Cytokinesis
-Cell splits
-Nuclear envelope reforms
-Spindle fibres disappear
-De-condenses chromosomes back to chromatid form
-Cell membrane pinches in and SPLITS CYTOPLASM in two (Cytokinesis)
-Now there are in total 4 haploid cells (CoU1, CoU2, CdU1, CdU2) each with 23 chromosomes (not pairs)
88
(Textbook) Meiosis I creates 8.4 million possibilities for 23 chromosome pairs, how?
Math: 2^23 ≈ 8.4 million
Explanation: oU can be in haploid A or B, and dU has to be in the other haploid (2 possibilities), that is one pair, then do 2^23
-Meiosis II does not contribute as the sister chromatids are IDENTICAL EVEN AFTER RECOMBINATION
89
(Textbook)(2.6 + 3) Heritable trait
Trait that is inheritable by offspring
-At least one allele from each parent
-When gametes join together to form the zygote, homologous chromosomes form
-Two alleles within the same pair
-Each could be recessive or dominant, final combination shows trait, all traits combined = phenotype
90
Allele
The expression of a gene (different forms; e.g. gene behind blue eyes (b) ≠ gene behind brown eyes (B) both are alleles)
91
(In slides) Dominant Allele
(≠D.Trait, trait is expression or characteristic while allele is specific variation of type of gene)
-Always shows up in trait if existent
-Capital letter
-Not always most common (Polydactyly = six fingers)
-E.g. black hair, curly hair, etc.
-Dominant allele more affected by natural selection, needs to spread more than recessive or will be wiped out, recessive can stay in heterozygote carriers (lots of bad diseases appear out of "nowhere", they are carried)
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(In slides) Recessive allele
-Usually carried (Aa)
-Undercase letter
-Only shows up if two copies
E.g. light hair, red hair, colored eyes, etc.
-
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(Explanation)Heterozygous vs Homozygous
Mix (Aa) vs Pure (AA or aa)
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(In slides)Co-Dominance
Both are present in the phenotype
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(In slides) Incomplete Dominance
Intermediate state between two alleles (e.g. third color in flowers)
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(Explanation) Mutations/Variations effects and description
-E.g. Down syndrome;
-Health problems in general
Description:
-Variations in sequence/structure of gene (e.g. A C A C to A A A C)
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(BD3.1)Species Abundance
of individuals in a particular area (same species)
98
5 (6) Extinctions
Ordovician (439 mya), Devonian (367 mya), Permian (245 mya), Triassic (208 mya), Cretaceous (65 mya), Industrial Revolution (1800 CE)
Possible Reasons: Asteroid, Ice age, Volcanic activity, Oxygen levels decrease, sea level increase, etc.
99
Genetic Engineering
Inserting a set of genes from one organism to another
100
Biodiversity Hotspot
Lots of diversity
101
Seed banks
Places that store plant seeds to preserve species' genetic diversity (prevent from extinction)
102
Biotechnology
Using cellular processes to create products that benefit us or changing the genetics of animals (Altering genes, becomes a GMO)
(using living things to make products)
(e.g. making a better banana)
103
Transgenic animals
Genetically engineered animals (able to pass engineered genetics onto offspring)
104
Domestic animals
Animals that have been raised and artificially selected to meet human needs
105
Artificial selection/Selective breeding
Breeding organisms in a way so that the traits beneficial to humans are passed on
106
What areas of the world more likely support biodiversity?
Warm, humid climates
107
Bioindicator species
Species that can indicate quality of ecosystem
108
Why is habitat loss bad
-Destroys homes for species
-Global warming
-
109
Examples of extinctions caused by humans
Dodos, passenger pigeons
110
Global Treaties Purpose
Prohibits hunting of certain species
111
Base pairs of human
Roughly 3 billion
112
Zoos
a place that preserves endangered/threatened/specially concerned species
-type of in situ conservation
113
Chromosome vs Chromatid vs Chromatin
Chromatin: Unraveled chromosome
Chromosome: Can be I or X shape (piece of genetic info that includes many DNA wrapped together), during reproduction it is 2 chromatids
114
Homozygous vs Heterozygous
Homozygous: 2 of the same allele (e.g. bb two recessive alleles or BB two dominant alleles)
Heterozygous: 2 different alleles (Bb one dominant one recessive)
115
Endangered
When a species is at risk of becoming extinct
116
Extinct
This species is no longer found anywhere on earth
117
Extirpated
No longer found in Canada/No longer in the original habitat
118
Clone
Genetically identical copy of an organism (asexual reproduction)
119
In vitro fertilization
Fertilization outside the body, e.g. Petri dish or test tube or 3rd parent
120
Overspecialization
When an organism's niche becomes too narrow and dependent on one type of habitat or food, it is very vulnerable to extinction when that one aspect is changed
121
Overexploitation
Too much human exploit (fishing, mining, hunting, etc.)
122
Artificial selection
Breeding by HUMANS over MANY GENERATIONS to spread the more "useful traits"
123
In-situ conservation
Conserving the organism (maintenance) within their habitat/functioning ecosystem
124
Ex-situ conservation
Conserving the organism (maintenance) outside their habitat/functioning ecosystem
125
Biodiversity Hotspot
Geographical region where it is a significant place for biodiversity but is also threatened (e.g. Amazon rainforest)
126
Genetical Engineering
When humans directly alter the DNA of (ONE) organism, not over many generations, just INSERT THE GENE YOU WANT USING BIOTECH
Type of genetic engineering: gene therapy
Type of genetic engineering: crop modifications
127
Strategies to minimize losses
CITES - Conservation conventions
National parks (federal and provincial)
Zoos
Seed banks
128
#Cells in human body
60 to 100 trillion
129
numbers for meiosis process
#n: 2n, n, n
