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Science 9 > E. Chemistry > Flashcards

E. Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What are nutrients?

A

Chemicals that the body uses to grow, repair, energy, etc.

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2
Q

What is the environment?

A

Literally all biotic and abiotic things surrounding you in the range where you live

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3
Q

Macroinvertebrate

A

Any organism without a spine that can be seen without using a microscope

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4
Q

What classifies as organic?

A

Any carbon+hydrogen containing compound with covalent bonds; allotropes, carbides, cyanides, carbonates, CO, CO2 do not count.

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5
Q

What are the 4 main organic nutrients?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids (fat), vitamins, proteins

  • All organic nutrients can be found in plants
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6
Q

What do vitamins do?

A

Helps enzymes function (A helps eyesight, B helps cell division, C helps connective tissue, D helps absorb calcium, E prevents heart attacks, K prevents blood clot)

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7
Q

What do lipids (fat) do?

A

Stored energy and insulation

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8
Q

What do carbohydrates do?

A

Immediate energy

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9
Q

What do proteins do?

A

Structural support and helps chemical reactions

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10
Q

Macrominerals vs Trace elements (Only for inorganic)

A

Macromineral: >100mg/day needed
Trace element: <100mg/day needed

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11
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Special protein molecules that act as catalysts too make reactions faster aka organic catalysts

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12
Q

How do we get the nutrients we need?

A

Through plants and other animals (They concentrate nutrients)

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13
Q

What does NPK stand for?

A

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium
Leaves, Roots, Seeds/Fruit

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14
Q

Why is fertilizer important?

A

Helps plants grow much more food (nutrients)

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15
Q

What does DDT stand for?

A

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

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16
Q

What are pesticides and the 3 types?

A

Things we spray on plants to keep pests away; Insecticides, Herbicides (round up), Fungicides

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17
Q

Are alkalines acidic or basic?

A

Basic

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18
Q

What does DDT do and what effects did it have?

A

It is a very effective insecticide.
Pro:
- Eliminated typhus, malaria, other diseases’ threats (Gave inventor Paul Hermann Muller a Nobel Prize)
Con:
- Quickly made many species extinct by causing mutations (e.g. thin eggshells)

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19
Q

What is biomagnification?

A

The concentrating of toxins the higher up the food chain you go

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20
Q

What are algal blooms caused by and what are their effects?

A

Cause: Excess nitrates (NO3-) and phosphates (PO4(3-)) flowing into water from fertilizers
Effects: Crazy algae growth which exhausts oxygen levels, killing off marine life

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21
Q

What were the effects of banning DDT?

A

Pros: Ecosystems recovered
Cons: Millions of people died to diseases that would have been prevented

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22
Q

What is the major issue with using pesticides?

A

Pesticide resistance caused by natural selection

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23
Q

What are bioindicators?

A

Species that show how healthy the ecosystem is (Best: macroinvertebrates with no visible spine)

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24
Q

What are the 4 ways chemicals (nutrients, toxins, pollutants) can enter our bodies?

A

Inhalation, Injection, Ingestion, Absorption

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25
Pollutants vs Toxins vs Poisons vs Pollution
- Pollutants: Any material or form of energy that will harm an organism - Toxins: Poisonous protein molecules - Poisons: Substances that cause individual bodily harm - Pollution: Any change in the environment that causes harm to organisms or is harmful
26
What are the 4 types of pollutants?
Air, water, noise, soil
27
What is a substrate?
The surface/material that an organism lives on (e.g. plants absorb nutrients from substrate of soil)
28
POP vs NPOP
POPs: Persistent organic pollutants - Build up, rarely break down - E.g. DDT, PCBs, plastic NPOPS: Non-persistent organic pollutants - Break down faster (biodegradable), can be broken down by decomposers - E.g. Biomass waste
29
Point source vs Non-point source
PS: Source of pollution that is easy to locate and prevent (e.g. factories, sewage system) NPS: Source of pollution that is not easy to pinpoint (irregular or too fast) (e.g. fertilizers, oils, bacteria from rural fields or urban run-off)
30
What are acids?
Substances that have pH<7 (lg[H+]>-7, [H+] is concentration of H+ ions in mol/L (molarity unit), H+>10^-7, OH-<10^-7). (Papers turn red) e.g. HCL, H2SO4, CO2, SO2
31
What are bases?
Substances that have pH>7 or H+<10^-7mol/L and OH->10^-7mol/L (Papers turn blue) e.g. bleach, NH4 (7 is neither)
32
How to test acids and bases?
- Use litmus paper (comes in two colors, if both stay the same then 7, if one changes then it is acid or base) (Many more)
33
What is acid rain caused by?
Oxides in the atmosphere combining with water (damages ecosystem)
34
Neutralization (chemical)
Acid and base react to form a salt and water
35
What are the 3 methods to reduce acid rain?
Base liming (CaCO3+H2SO4), Catalyst converters, Scrubbers
36
What are sorbents?
Any substance that can capture oxides
37
How did international agreements reduce acid rain?
They cut emissions which decreased the toxic oxides
38
What is the problem with liming, and what is the alternative?
Too expensive, catalytic converters are better (complete oxidation, CO2 instead of the worse CO)
39
What are scrubbers?
Devices that use sorbents to capture harmful gases (SO2 mainly)
40
What is toxicity?
The ability of a substance to harm an organism
41
Acute vs chronic toxicity
Acute happens immediately while chronic occurs after many exposures
42
What is LD50?
The dosage that can kill 50% of the population applied (lower = more lethal) (mg/kg of body weight)
43
What does pp(x) mean?
Parts per [#] (e.g. ppt=parts per trillion, percent = parts per hundred, etc.)
44
Why do governments approve drugs carefully?
If they are not cautious tragedies like the thalidomide scandal could repeat itself (fine in mice but limbless infants when used by humans)
45
What is the evaluation of risk?
The decision to accept certain risks that come with chemicals
46
What is NIMBY?
"Not in my backyard", a showing how people don't know how close waste is, so more learn about it (growing awareness)
47
What influences the rate that pollutants spread?
Faster winds, faster waves, porous soil (lots of open spaces to spread through)
48
What are CFCs?
Chlorofluorocarbons
49
What happened to the Antarctic ozone layer, and why is this bad?
UV rays turned the CFCs into chloride ions which acted as catalysts, breaking down ozone into oxygen. Ozone blocks UV rays, so the extra rays harm organisms and make the Earth hotter
50
Which agreement protected the ozone layer and how?
Montreal Protocol; Discontinued products that depleted the O3 layer
51
What is bad ozone and why?
Ozone on lower levels; It is a greenhouse gas and causes respiratory problems, kills plants
52
What are aquifers and what is groundwater?
Aquifers = bodies of ground/soil that are filled with natural water Groundwater = water that fills the cracks and holes in the soil
53
Why is pollution affecting aquifers?
The groundwater that is usually bacteria free is being contaminated with chemicals
54
Biodegradable
Substances that can be broken down by organisms
55
What are hazardous wastes?
Any substances that are either poisonous, toxic, corrosive, flammable or explosive
56
How many organic solvents are hazardous?
ALL
57
What are the 3 R's?
(Ordered by effectiveness) Reduce (minimize created), Reuse (use the same product again), Recycle (reuse and reintegrate the materials)
58
Why is recycling beneficial?
It saves resources, energy and money and prevents landfill
59
3 Treatments
Primary: Physical Secondary: Biological Tertiary: Chemical
60
What are some international agreements and what do they do?
Kyoto Protocol, Montreal Protocol, Paris Agreement, Alberta's Climate Leadership Plan. They help against climate change
61
What are the conditions required for biodegrading?
Heat, Water, O2, Decomposers
62
What is a sanitary landfill?
- Landfill that is covered each day with dirt to prevent windblown litter and other contamination. - Usually uses liners to prevent liquids from contaminating earth. - No toxic waste - Uses degraded waste to power generators
63
What is a garbage dump?
Open hole in the ground that is filled with waste; No sorting or separation whatsoever
64
What are secure landfills?
Landfills that contain toxic waste and have more separation from the air (more dirt, gravel) They have double liners unlike singular in sanitary and also include drainage pipes.
65
What is leachate?
Liquid that drains from landfills is a combination of rainwater that flows through and the waste liquid produced by rotting waste
66
What are water hyacinths?
A type of flower that filters out the organics and metallic wastes (pollutants) in the water
67
What does mustard and fescue grass do?
Reducing or removing pollutants by absorption
68
Bioremediation
Using organisms to solve pollutant-related problems (eats up or breaks down pollutants)
69
What are bioreactors?
Tanks that house bioremediation bacteria
70
What is dilution?
A reduction of concentration

Science 9 (5 decks)

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