Biodiversity

Question 1

What is courtship behaviour essential for

Answer 1

Courtship behaviour is essential for successful mating and species recognition

Question 2

What is a species

Answer 2

A group of similar organisms that can breed to make fertile offspring

Species must reproduce and pass on advantageous alleles for the survival of their species

Question 3

What is courtship rituals

Answer 3

A sequence of actions which is unique to each species. This is how animals identify members of their own species to reproduce with

Question 4

What are the key features of courtship rituals

Answer 4

Most courtship rituals are performed by males

They can inclue a sequence of dance moves, sounds, release of pheromones, display of colourful feathers or fighting.

Females observe the courtship ritual and decide if they want to mate with the male

Question 5

Why is courtship importance to ensure successful reproduction

Answer 5

Enbables them to recognise own species and opposite sex

Synchronise mating behaviour - indicates sexually mature and in season.

Question 6

Why is courtship important to ensure survival of the offspring

Answer 6

• form a pair bond
• chose a strong and healthy mate

Question 7

Why do people study courtship rituals

Answer 7

The more similar a courtship sequenceis between different species, the more closelt related a species are

Question 8

What is phylogeny

Answer 8

The evolutionary relationship between organisms.

The physogeny of an organism reflects their evolutionary history and is linked to their common ancestor.

Shown as a treelike diagram

Question 9

Why is courtship behaviour necesaru

Answer 9

Reproduction ensures dna is passed onto the next generation.

Female only produce eggs at a specific time as little as once a year.

Important to ensure mating is succesful

Question 10

What does courtship enable species to do

Answer 10

• recognise memebers of their own species
• identify a mate which is capable of breeding
  -form a pair bond (succesful mating and raising)
• synchronised mating so it takes place when maximum probability of sperm meeting egg

Question 11

What is genetic diversity

Answer 11

Genetic diversity refers to the variety pf genes possesed by individuals that make up any one sepcies.

Question 12

What is ecosystem diversity

Answer 12

Ecosystem diversity refers to a range of different habitats within a particular area.

Question 13

What is species diversity

Answer 13

Considers numbers of different species in an area and the abundance of each species

Question 14

What is an population

Answer 14

Group of individuals in the same species living in a particular area

Question 15

What is a community

Answer 15

Interacting group of various species in a common location

Question 16

Abiotic factor

Answer 16

Non living factor

Question 17

What is an ecosysme

Answer 17

Community of living organisms in a particular area and non living factors interacting together

Question 18

Equation to measure species diversity

Answer 18

Diversity = N(N-1)
En(n-1)

N = total number of organisms and n = total number of organisms in each species

Question 19

What is interspecific

Answer 19

Members of one dpecies differ from members of a different species

Question 20

What is intra specific

Answer 20

One member of one species differs from another memeer of the same species

Question 21

How do we ensure that the date is representitive

Answer 21

10% of the area being sampled

Question 22

What is standard deviation

Answer 22

A measure of how spread the data is.

Question 23

In Linnaean classification, what do scientists call each group

Answer 23

a taxon (plural ‘taxa’) or a taxonomic group.

Question 24

What are taxa arranged in

Answer 24

hierarchy. Hierarchies have two key features:

Question 25

What are the two features of heirarchy

Answer 25

Each smaller group is within a larger group There is no overlap between two groups. For example, an organism can only ever be part of one family

Question 26

What does a binomial name consist of

Answer 26

Genus and species name

Question 27

What does the genus name help with

Answer 27

genus name is included because it makes it much easier for scientists to identify relationships between species. Two species that share the same genus are more closely related than two species that don’t.

Question 28

What is genome sequencing

Answer 28

A way to find out how closely related species are by analysing sequences of bases. More distantly related, the greater differences in DNA

Question 29

Immunology to see how closely related a species is

Answer 29

During an immune response, complementary antigens and antibodies bind together. Non-complementary antigens and antibodies do not bind. In order for an immune response to be effective, the antibodies produced by the body must be perfectly complementary to the foreign antigens.

Question 30

How can we tell species are closely related using immunology

Answer 30

In some species, the protein will be very similar in shape. In others, the protein will be quite a different shape. As a result of this variation, one species’ antibodies might bind quite well in some cases, and poorly in others.

Question 31

What is species richness

Answer 31

Species richness tells us the number of different species within aArea

Question 32

Which measure tells us the relationship between the number of species in a community and the number of individuals in each species?

Answer 32

Index of diversity

Question 33

Describe the process for calculating species richness within an area.

Answer 33

First, divide the area into squares. Next, use a computer or table to generate random coordinates. Then, count the number of each species in that quadrat. After repeating this process several times, the mean number of species in each quadrat is multiplied by the total number of quadrats

Question 34

Give three ways in which courtship behaviour increases the probability of successful mating.

Answer 34

- helps identify same species - identifies opposite sex - stimulate release of gametes

Question 35

What can you conclude about the effect of hunting on genetic diversity in otters?

Answer 35

- interbreeding Population size reduces Fewer alleles left

Question 36

Other than hunting, suggest two reasons why populations might show very low levels of genetic diversity

Answer 36

Interbreeding - founder effect

Question 37

what is meant by genetic diversity

Answer 37

Number of different alleles in each gene

Question 38

Explain the role of independent segregation in meiosis.

Answer 38

Different combinations of alleles tp introduce genetic variation

Question 39

Cytochrome c is more useful than haemoglobin for studying how closely related different organisms are. Suggest one reason why.

Answer 39

Cytochrome c is less genetically varied

Question 40

Suggest how this student would obtain data to give a more precise value for the index of diversity of this habitat.

Answer 40

Take more samples and a mean Describe method for randomised samples

Question 41

Species richness and an index of diversity can be used to measure biodiversity within a community. What is the difference between these two measures of biodiversity?

Answer 41

Species richness is different amount of species in a location whereas index diversity is number of indivuals of a species

Question 42

The ecologists captured insects from a number of sites on the island. Suggest how they decided where to take samples

Answer 42

Draw a grid on a map Select coordinates at random

Question 43

Give two assumptions made when using the mark-release-recapture method.

Answer 43

No losses due to predators None of marks wiped off

Question 44

What two measurements are needed to calculate an index of diversity?

Answer 44

Total number of individuals Amount of individuals in each species

Question 45

Whats the purpose of control experiements

Answer 45

To show results are due to … rather than another factor

Question 46

Use the information provided to explain how a very high diversity of bird species has developed in the Amazonian forest.

Answer 46

No interbreeding Mutation Selection pressure Changes in allele frequency

Question 47

 Describe how organisms are grouped in a phylogenetic classification system. 

Answer 47

 Hierarchy (of groups) with no overlaps OR (smaller) groups within (larger) groups with no overlaps; 2.      (Grouped) according to evolutionary origins/relationships/history;

Question 48

There are many different species of field mouse in Europe. Using a phylogenetic classification, all of these species have names that start with Apodemus. What information does this give about field mice?

Answer 48

Same genus; 2.      Same evolutionary origin / common ancestor.

Question 49

Describe how breeding experiments could determine whether the two populations are from the same species.

Answer 49

Breed the two mice together; 2.      (Same species) produce fertile offspring.

Question 50

 Explain why it is more useful to calculate an index of diversity than to record species richness.

Answer 50

(Index of diversity also) measures abundance / number / population (size) of each species; Ignore "total number of species" unqualified Accept: every species for each species. 2.   (So useful because) may be many of some species OR (So useful because) may be few of other species;

Question 51

What is meant by species diversity?

Answer 51

  Number of species in a community;