Biodiversity

Question 1

What is biodiversity

Answer 1

The variety of living organisms.it can be considered in three different levels :habitat diversity,species diversity,genetic diversity.

Question 2

What’s habitat diversity
What’s species diversity
What’s genetic diversity

Answer 2

The area inhibited by a species. It includes the physical factors like soil and temp range and the living(biotic factors) like availability of food or presence of predators. No of diff habitats in an area

A group of similar organisms able to reproduce to give fertile offspring. The number of different species (species richness) and the abundance of each species (species evenness) in an area A group

The variation of alleles within a species or a population of a species.

Question 3

Examples of habitat diversity
Species diversity
Genetic diversity

Answer 3

Sand dunes,beaches,mudflats or meadows n streams

Woodland has many species like insects birds n mammals

Human blood type determined by a gene with three different alleles
Variation in alleles within dogs give rise to diff breeds like poodle

Question 4

How to do random sampling
And what are the pros and cons

Answer 4

You could pick random sample sites for quadrat by dividing the field into a grid using measuring tapes and use a random number generator to select coordinates. Each sample site has to have same probability of being chosen

Ensures data’s not biased
May not cover all areas of habitat equally,low species count may be missed.

Question 5

What are the non random sampling techniques and the pros and cons of each

Answer 5

Systematic sampling -when samples are taken at fixed intervals along a line. -Usefull for investigating gradients from environmental factors
(-) missed species as only species touching line can be recorded!

Opportunistic sampling -when samples are chosen by the investigator.
(+) Faster and easier to carry out than random
(-) Biased data, may lead to population overestimate due to area focused

Stratified sampling - when different areas in a habitat are identified and sampled seperatley in proportion to their habitat as a whole.
+) all area sampled and no under-represented species
(-) over-representation may lead to a disproportinate number

Question 6

Difference between a belt transect and a line transect when its systematic

Answer 6

Continuous line transect-involves sampling all organisms found on a line, whereas belt transect samples all organisms found in the area between two parallel lines, making it more accurate
It’s a belt as the area being measured as widened.

Question 7

whats proportianate stratified sampling

Answer 7

if the no of samples per group represents the size of each strata

Question 8

what are two factors which affect the reliability of a sample?

Answer 8

Chance and sampling bias

Question 9

How can the effects of sampling bias be reduced?
What is sampling bias?
How can the effects of chance on sampling reliability be reduced?
How does chance affect the reliability of a sample?
Why would you normally use more than one sampling technique at each sample point?

Answer 9

By using random sampling

Where the selection process of a sample is biased, whether accidentally or deliberately

By using a larger sample size

The organisms selected may, by chance, not be representative of the whole population

So that a range of data could be collected

Question 10

What are 5 techniques used to sample animals?

Answer 10

1.Pooter 2. Tree beating 3. Sweep nets 4. Pitfall traps 5. Kick sampling 6.Tullgreen funnel 7.light trap 8. mark and recapture

Question 11

describe :
pooter
Tree beating
Sweep nets

Answer 11

Used to catch small insects, a pooter is used by sucking on a mouthpiece connected to an inlet tube, which draws the insects into a holding chamber; a filter before the mouthpiece stops the insects going into the sampler’s mouth

Where a white sheet is stretched under a tree or bush, and the plant is the shaken/beaten, causing invertebrates within it to fall onto the sheet

Large nets used to catch insects in long grass

Question 12

Pitfall traps 5. Kick sampling

Answer 12

A hole used to catch small crawling nocturnal invertebrates, which must be deep enough that they can’t get out, have a cover to stop the hole filling with rainwater, and be left overnight to ensure that nocturnal species are also sampled

Used to study aqauatic organisms- the river bank and bed are kicked for a period of time, and a net is held downstream for a set period of time to catch any dislodged organisms

Question 13

Tullgreen funnel (invertebrates living in leaf litter)
light trap
mark n recapture

Answer 13

to extract small invertebrates (e.g. mites, springtails) from leaf litter or soil.
funnel holds sample under a mesh with a light heat source above.
As litter dries out and heats up, invtbr move down away from heat and fall through the mesh into a collecting container (usually with ethanol) for preservation.

Used to catch flying insects at night.
bright UV light attracts the insects.
They fall into a container (often with alcohol or a funnel) and are collected.

Capture some animals . mark them safely.
Release them back into the wild.
Later, recapture a second sample.
Use the no of marked animals in the second sample to est total population using this :
Population size = (number caught first × number caught second) ÷ number marked in second

Question 14

Methods of using quadrats

Answer 14

point quadrat=A frame with a horizontal bar; at set intervals along the bar, a pin is pushed through, and any organisms touching the pin are sampled\
frame quadrat=A square frame divided into a grid with equal-sized sections, with the type and number of each species in each section recorded

Question 15

What are quadrats used to sample?

Answer 15

Plants and slow-moving animals such as barnacles and mussels

Question 16

how to use a quadrat

Answer 16

Choose area to sample and decide the size + no of quadrats.
Place the quadrat randomly or in a systematic pattern (e.g., a grid or along a transect line).
Count the no of individuals / measure the % cover of each species inside the quadrat.
Repeat the process by placing quadrats in different locations to get a representative sample.
Calculate the average number of individuals or % cover per quadrat and use it to estimate the total population or biodiversity in the area.

Question 17

what is species eveness and species richness

Answer 17

ways of measuring diversity

No. of diff types of species in a particular area. The greater the number of spp, the ‘richer’ the area.its measured by taking random samples of a habitat and countning the no of diff species.
How evenly each species is represented throughout a habitat. its measured by taking random samples of a habitat and countning the no of individuals of each diff species.

Question 18

habitat x and habitat y boyh contain 2 different species and 30 individual organisms
no. of org in species 1= 28 in habitat 1
15 in habitat 2
no of org in species 2=2 in habitat x and 15 in habitat y
total 30 in both

Answer 18

both habiats have 2 species so richness is the same but y has greater species eveness showing it has a higher biodiversity

Question 19

why do we use simpsons index of diversity and how to calc it

Answer 19

measures species abundance more accuratley because it accounts for richness and eveneess

Question 20

what does the simpsons value mean

Answer 20

the closer the value is to 1 the higuer the doversity of the habitat and the greater its abiloty to cope with changw.low ones shopw its more easily affecetd by change and less stable.

Question 21

What would you have to do before using Simpson’s Index of Biodiversity?

Answer 21

1.choose sampling sites in the habitat.
2.Use a suitable sampling method (e.g. quadrats for plants, sweep nets for insects).
3.identify da species
4.count no of org in species

Question 22

calc simpsons index

Answer 22

PHONE

Question 23

what is genetic diversity

Answer 23

how varied the gene pool is /no of phenotypes in a species or pop

indicator of how robust a species is(how likely they can adapt to change in env)

Question 24

what happens of a species has a low genetic diversity

Answer 24

cant adapt to a change in env and whole population could be wiped by single event like disease
these could be isolated ppulations(like ones bred in captivity like zoos,populations of pedigree animals and rare breeds.

Question 25

how do zoos prevent dec in genetic diversity

Answer 25

keep close detaill of each animals and then decided which animals should be paired of rbreeding sjd these naimals then transferred between zoos that gold em.reducing inbreeding which can dec genetic iddversiy

Question 26

whats polymorphism

Answer 26

describes a locus(position in a chromsome that has 2 or more alleles. good indicator of genetic diversity the higher the level of polymorphism,the more feequentley diff alleles are found within the population(gen div) maintained by natural selection or environmental variation

Question 27

how to calc polymorphism

Answer 27

proprotion of polymorphic gene loci=number of polymorphic gene loci /total no of loci

Question 28

causes of polymorphism

Answer 28

-frequenecy dependent selection Different niches – Different genotypes do better in different environments. Heterozygote advantage – Having two alleles gives a survival benefit. Migration – New alleles enter the population and add variation.

Question 29

whats the bottleneck effect whats the genetic drift

Answer 29

sudden change in the environment drastically reduces population size eg famine,loss of habitat) in small populations, allele frequencies change by chance so theres variation in frequencey od diff populations. This can lead to loss of alleles and reduced variation in pop It’s common after a genetic bottleneck or when a new population becomes isolated. Over time, this can make the new group genetically different, possibly leading to speciation.

Question 30

why should we calc genetic diversity

Answer 30

to determine which species are the most vulnerable n likely to. be extinct in future.

Question 31

example of polymoric calc

Answer 31

PHONE

Question 32

FACTORS AFFECTING biodiversity

Answer 32

human populayion growth monoculture climate change and global biodiversity

Question 33

effect of human population growth

Answer 33

as pop inc we need more land for housing n food so we detsroy more habiatts. ie more deforestation in some areas dec habitat diversity and species diversity greater demand of resources means they can be used up alot more quicker than theyre replenished.destroy habiats and lead to exitinction sprawling cities and road development can isolate species so populations are unable to interbreed and gen div decreased as pop inc more waste made and more pollution.this can kill species and destroy habitats

Question 34

effect of monoculture

Answer 34

the growing of a single variety of a single crop inc pop needs more land to grow crops this could lead to: habitat loss:land cleared reducing gen div. loca n natural animals and plants seen as weed and pests so killed w peticides and herbicides dec species diversity heritage variety of crops lost as they dont make enough £ so they qint planted anymore decreasing species diversity.

Question 35

effect of climate change and global biodiversity

Answer 35

caused by humans inc emissions of greenhouse gases.this causes global warming which vcan cause other types o fclimate change like diff rainfall patterns it can affecr env conditions diff some areas of the world in diff ways some wetter drier colder hotter all afecting biodiversity most species need specific climate to survive so a change can cause an area to be unhabitatable causing an dec in species which can dec biodiversity. it can force some spcies to migrate to a more suitable area cuasing change in soecies distribution.migrations usually decrease biodiversity in the areas species migrate from and inc biodiveristy in areas they migrate to.if species doesnt have area to migrate to ,plant and cant move or change too dasr then species w be extinct dec biodiveristy

Question 36

1 ecological reason to maintain biodiversity

Answer 36

protecting species-organisms in an ecosystem are interdependent so they rely on each other to survive.so loss of one species can have drastic effects on ecosystem like: -disruption of food chains -disruption of nutrient cycles and to protect **keystone species** which many spcecies rely on and without the ecosystems ruined.they usually have a relatively low population size but huge effect on environment.usually predators keeping their prey in check and also modifiers - maintaining environment needed for ecosystems(beavers creating dams)or hosts(plants act as a particular env like palm trees

Question 37

Another ecological reason to maintain biodiversity

Answer 37

To maintain genetic resources - any materials from plants animals or microorganisms containing genes hat we find valuable . Genetic resources could be crops ,plants used for medicines,microorganism used in in industrial processes or animal breeds. We need to maintain genetic resources as They provide use w a variety of everyday products such as: • Food and drink — P and A are the source of almost all food and some drinks. • Clothing — fibres and fabrics are made from P + A • Drugs used from compounds from plants Fuels — use organisms to make renewable fuels, including ethanol and biogas. Fossil fuels are non-renewable (they'll run out), so other sources are important • Other industrial materials — a huge variety materials are Produced from P + A, = wood, paper, dyes, They allow us to adapt to changes in the environment to : Climate change means some crops won’t be able to grow in the same areas as we do now (droughts ) but we can use genes from a plants that’s resistant to rights to make more plants like that which we need genetic resources for

Question 38

Economic reasons to maintain biodiversity

Answer 38

Many genetic resources are important to global economy. Products derived from P+A are traded on a local and global scale. Monoculture is growing a single crop variety in a field, and continuous monoculture means planting the same crop without interruption. For example, planting corn every time after harvesting corn. This leads to soil depletion as the crop uses up nutrients over time. Traditional farming rotates crops to replace nutrients and organic matter. The economic costs of soil depletion include higher spending on fertilizers and lower yields if fertilizers aren’t used.

Question 39

Aesthetic reasons to maintain biodiversity

Answer 39

Areas rich in biodiversity provide pleasant, attractive landscapes that people can enjoy. By maintaining biodiversity we protect these beautiful landscapes. The more biodiversity in an area, the more visitors the area is likely to attract = has economic advantages

Question 40

What is conservation and why is it important

Answer 40

The protection and management of species and habitats Important for the survival of endangered species (which are at risk of extinction due to low pop or threatened habitat).

Question 41

What are the 2 types of conservation

Answer 41

Insitu And exsitu

Question 42

Insitu conservatioj.

Answer 42

Insitu =conservation on site protecting species in natural habitat Can include : Protected areas like national parks and wildlife reserves protect habitats and species by limiting urban, industrial, and farming development. Marine Conservation Zones control activities like fishing to protect sea ecosystems. Preventing invasive species helps protect local biodiversity. Protecting habitats restoring damaged areas Promoting particular species - could be done by protecting food sources or nesting sites Giving legal protection to endangered lot

Question 43

Advantages and disadvantages of insitu

Answer 43

often both the species and their habitat are conserved. This means that larger populations can be protected and less disruptive than removing organisms from their habitats. The chances of the population recovering are also greater than with ex situ method But it can be difficult to control some factors that are threatening a species (such as poaching, predators, disease or climate change).

Question 44

Exisitu condervation

Answer 44

Ex situ conservation- conservation off site , protecting a species by removing part of the population from a threatened habitat and placing it in a new location. often a last resort. Methods include: -Relocating an organism to a safer area, - Breeding organisms in captivity then reintroducing them to the wild when they are strong enough, Breeding is carried out in animal sanctuaries and zoos. Botanic gardens are controlled environments that grow rare plants for conservation, research, and display. Endangered or extinct-in-the-wild plants can be reintroduced into suitable habitats. Seed banks store seeds for over a century, preserving their fertility. They provide seeds if natural reserves are destroyed by disease or disasters.

Question 45

Advantages and disadvantages of exsitu

Answer 45

it can be used to protect individual animals in a controlled environment — predation + hunting can be managed more easily. • Health can be monitored, and diseases treated. •Breeding can be controlled using hormones or IVF. •Species can be reintroduced into the wild. •Usually, only a small number of animals can be cared for. •i t’s expensive and difficult to maintain suitable environments. •Animals used to humans may not behave naturally and risk catching diseases. •Many species struggle to breed in captivity or adapt when released, making it less successful than in situ conservation.

Question 46

Why is international cooperation important in conservation, and what are two key agreements that support it?

Answer 46

C more effective when countries work together, especially for species found in multiple countries. •Shared information and joint action are needed to tackle biodiversity threats. Examples of international cooperation: •Rio Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD): •Promotes global strategies for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use. •Makes biodiversity conservation a shared responsibility and provides government guidance. •CITES Agreement: •Regulates international trade in wild animal and plant specimens. •Bans killing endangered species and trading products made from them (e.g. ivory). •Raises awareness through education.

Question 47

Whats an eg of a Local conservation agreements and what did they achieve

Answer 47

CSS-Introduced in 1991 to conserve wildlife and biodiversity by encouraging landowners to use specific management techniques. •Government offered 10-year payments for actions like regenerating hedgerows, leaving grassy field margins, and grazing upland areas. •By 2000, there were 10,000 agreements in England. •Helped increase numbers of species like the stone curlew, black grouse, and bittern.