Biodiversity and classification Flashcards
(45 cards)
1
Q
define classification
A
- the process of naming and organising organisms into groups based on their characteristics and evolutionary history.
2
Q
Define taxonomy
A
- the study of the principles behind classification
3
Q
what is the diagram called that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms
A
phylogenetic tree
4
Q
can the classification of an organism change?
A
- Yes, the classification of an organism may change as new information becomes available i.e DNA base sequences
5
Q
Name the seven groups in the hierachy of taxons from largest to smallest?
A
- Kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species
acronym: katy perry came over for good sex
6
Q
what is the five kingdom classification system?
A
- Animalia
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Prokaryotae
- Protoctista
7
Q
What are the three domain classification system?
A
- Organism are categorised into three groups;
- Archaea ( extremophile prokaryotes )
- Bacteria ( true bacteria)
- Eukarya ( all eukaryotic organisms)
8
Q
What are extremophiles?
A
- exist in a wide variety of environmental conditions including extremes of temperatures, pH, salinity and pressure
9
Q
How was the three domain system of classification developed?
A
- by analysing molecular differences between organisms to determine their evolutionary relationships
10
Q
What did the recent biochemical evidence show about the kingdom prokaryotic?
A
- it should be split into two separate groups based on some fundamental biochemical differences.
- all other organisms have eukaryotic cells
11
Q
what do organisms in the same domain have in common?
A
- organisms in the same domain share a distinctive pattern of ribosomal RNA
12
Q
Outline the features of the kingdom Prokaryotae
A
- unicellular prokaryotes
- no internal membrane bound organelles
- lack a true nucleus ( no nuclear membrane
- rigid cell wall (peptidoglycan)
- e.g e coli
13
Q
outline the features of the kingdom Plantae
A
- multicellular eukaryotes
- cellulose cell walls
- photoautotrophs
- e.g chlorophyll
14
Q
outline the features of the kingdom Animalia
A
- multicellular eukaryotes
- heterotrophic
- no cell wall
- nervous coordination
- e.g dog
15
Q
Outline the features of the kingdom Fungi
A
- heterotrophic
-eukaryotes - rigid cell walls of chitin
- asexual reproduction via spores
- e.g yeast
16
Q
Outline the features of the kingdom Protoctista
A
- mainly unicellular eukaryotes
- no tissue differentiation
- e.g amoeba
17
Q
how are different types of evidence used in classification?
A
- observations - organisms grouped based on similar physical characteristics
- biogeochemical methods (e.g DNA genetic fingerprinting)
18
Q
state the advantage of using biochemical methods of classification
A
- reduce the mistakes made in the classification due to
morphological convergent evolution.
19
Q
What do the biochemical methods measure?
A
- method of determining the characteristics of an individuals DNA
- % of DNA shared between species is used to estimate relatedness
- DNA fragments or proteins are usually displayed as bands on an electrophoresis gel
20
Q
Compare homologous and analogous features
A
- Homologous features have evolved from the same structure for different functions. They indicate a common ancestor.
- Analogous features are structures that have evolved independently for the same function.
21
Q
give an example of a homologous feature
A
- Pentadactyl limb (found in mammals, birds and reptiles)
22
Q
Give an example of an analogous feature
A
- the wings of birds and insects
23
Q
Define species
A
a group of organisms that can interbreed under natural conditions and produce fertile offspring
24
Q
What are the two components to a binomial name?
A
- Generic name - the Genus to which the organism belongs
- Specific name - the species the organism belongs to
25
What is the advantage of the binomial naming system?
Its is universal; an organisms binomial name is the same everywhere in the world
26
why do they use the binomial naming system?
it allows scientists to keep an organized list of species and it allows them to track their numbers in an ecosystem
27
Define biodiversity?
- the number of species and the number of individuals of each species in a given environment.
28
Why does biodiversity vary spatially?
-genetic
- environmental
- human factors
29
How do ecologists investigate the biodiversity of a habitat?
- species richness
- species evenness
30
Define species richness
the number of different species found within an area
31
Define species evenness
the number of individuals of each species living together in a community
32
How can biodiversity in a habitat be assessed?
Using Simpsons Diversity Index
33
What is Simpsons Diversity INdex?
- a measurement of diversity that considers both species richness and evenness.
- A value between 0 and 1 is found
- the greater the value, the greater the biodiversity
34
How we assess the genetic diversity within a species?
- the proportion of polymorphic loci across the genome
35
What is polymorphism?
- the presence of different phenotypes among members of a single species
36
What does polymorphism result from?
- presence of polymorphic genes i.e multiple alleles for the same gene
37
How can genetic biodiversity be assessed?
- determining the number of alleles at a locus or the proportion of the population that have a particular allele
38
How can biodiversity be assessed at the molecular level?
- use DNA fingerprinting and sequencing
39
What is DNA sequencing?
determining the entire DNA nucleotide base sequence of an organism
40
How is DNA sequencing used to measure biodiversity?
- analyse the base sequence to look for variations between individuals
- the greater the variation in the base sequence, the greater the genetic diversity of the species
41
What is an adaptation?
- a feature of an organism that increases its chance of survival in its environment
42
describe the three types of adaptation?
- anatomical- changes to physical features
- physiological - changes to bodily processes which helps to survive or reproduce
- behavioural - actions by the organism which help them to survive or reproduce
43
what is an example of a behavioural adaptation?
- hibernation
- plants turning orientation to the sun
44
what is an example of a physiological adaptation?
- fish are able to drink salt water
45
what is an example of anatomical adaptations?
- kangaroo rat has an elongated loop of Henle in kidney for reabsorption
