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INTRO TO BME fall '24 > BioE exam 1 study guide > Flashcards

BioE exam 1 study guide Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

biocomputing

A

application of computational tools to capture and assess biological data (ex: genetics, imaging)

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2
Q

bioimaging

A

macro or micro imaging techniques to assess the human body

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3
Q

bioinstrumentation

A

medical devices that are used to measure and treat biological systems

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4
Q

types of medical imaging: structural/anatomical information

A

CT scan, MRI, ultrasound

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5
Q

types of medical imaging: info about function

A

PET scan, SPECT, fMRI

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6
Q

who announces x-ray discovery?

A

Wilhelm Rontgen (1895)

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7
Q

information about x-rays

A

-form of electromagnetic radiation
-used to generate images of tissues and
structures inside the body
-x-rays travel through the body
and are absorbed in different amounts by different tissues

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8
Q

fluoroscopy

A

a fluoroscope takes X-rays and sends the images to a monitor, like a “continuous x-ray” (applications: interventional radiology, orthopedic, placing a catheter)

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9
Q

advantages of fluoroscopy

A

-mobile
-real-time
-inexpensive compared to MRI and CT
-good bone contrast

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10
Q

disadvantages of fluoroscopy

A

-poor soft tissue contrast
-limited field of view (20-40 cm)
-high x-ray dose to all parties
-poor joint encoding
-loss of depth & volume for most

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11
Q

ct scan (computed tomography)

A

CT’s objective is to reconstruct several image cross-sections of anatomical structures

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12
Q

advantages of ct scan

A

-images appear a lot more clearer than x-ray images
-better joint encoding
-fast imaging
-fewer restrictions than MRI (no prohibition of implanted devices),
-excellent contrast for imaging tissue

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13
Q

disadvantages of ct scan

A

-(ionizing) radiation
-not suitable for pregnant women
-misdiagnosis (because its so detailed, it can alert doctors to minor abnormalities)
-expensive, metal implants cause artifacts (ex: noise, motion)

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14
Q

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

A

MRI uses radio waves and a strong magnet to create detailed images of the inside of the body

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15
Q

advantages of MRI

A

-doesn’t use ionizing radiation
-good contrast between different soft tissues of the body
multi-planar imaging without changing the patient position (or direction of magnetic field)

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16
Q

disadvantages of MRI

A

-motion artifacts
-metal is prohibited because of extremely strong magnets
-the scanner’s center is narrow
-long duration of a scan (20-90 minutes)
-very expensive

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17
Q

ultrasound

A

-first ultrasound system for medical imaging was made mainly by
Howry and Wild (1950s)
-US uses sound waves to make pictures of organs, tissues, and other structures inside your body

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18
Q

advantages of ultrasound

A

-no radiation
-real-time 2D, 3D, 4D imaging
-cheap, ease of access and portable

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19
Q

disadvantages of ultrasound

A

-high levels of noise
-small field of view
-tissue boundaries blurry
-user dependent imaging
-change of anatomy appearance, image scan orientation different than other imaging modalities

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20
Q

intraoperative guidance

A

fusion of US with other imaging modalities (MRI, CT) –> intra-operative volumes can be resampled and
resliced using the orientation information of the US
probe

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21
Q

US elastography

A

medical imaging modality that maps the elastic properties of soft tissue

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22
Q

PET scan (positron-emission topography)

A

uses a radioactive tracer to create 3D images of the inside of the body

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23
Q

advantages of PET scan

A

-real-time
-2D, 3D, 4D imaging
-cheap, ease of access and portable

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24
Q

disadvantages of PET scan

A

-tracers are unsafe for pregnant women
-limited use in diabetic patients

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25
electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG)
measures the electrical activity in the heart
26
electromyogram (EMG)
measures the muscles response to nerve activity
27
electrooculogram (EOG)
measures the corneo-retinal potential across the eye
28
electroencephalography (EEG)
measures electrical activity in the brain
29
(from hw 1) which imaging modality does not use ionizing radiation?
MRI
30
(from hw 1) which of the following techniques is best suited to assist you in quickly and inexpensively identifying these properties of the patient’s lesion (if their lump is soft)?
US elastography
31
(from hw 1) for patients with pacemakers and other implanted medical devices, which imaging modality should be avoided?
MRI
32
(from hw 1) contrast agents provide...
greater clarity when imaging soft tissues and cavities within the body
33
some examples of artifacts
-metal --> can show up as low-contrast shadows or streaks on the medical scans -noise --> can cause streaks or flashing color bands on the image -motion --> can blur images that are sharp and cause signal loss
34
cell
building block of life, self-contained living unit within a larger organism
35
what is the longest cell in the body (3 ft)?
neuron
36
microscope
magnifies objects that are too small to be seen
37
types of microscopes
-compound microscope (multiple lens) can allow us to see cells → multiple lens bend light which produces a more magnified image -light, fluorescent, and electron microscopes provide various imaging capabilities
38
light microscopy
-visible light passes through the specimen and is bent by the lens system (can be used on living cells) -ex: phase contrast, brightfield -specimens must be transparent
39
magnification
how much larger the microscope makes an object appear
40
resolution
the smallest distance that two points can be separate and still recognized as separate points (think about like image quality)
41
fluorescence microscopy
uses filters to set excitation and emission wavelengths (starting at a higher wavelength than they are emitting, requires a lot of energy)
42
confocal microscopy
conical beam of light
43
electron microscopy
-produce an image using a beam of electrons → electrons have smaller wavelengths and allow for higher resolution images to be produced -slices of cells
44
scanning vs transmission
scanning: electrons move across the surface transmission: samples are sliced very thin before imaging and electrons pass through the sample rather than across
45
membrane proteins
different cells have different types of proportions of proteins embedded within the lipid bilayer: structural proteins, enzymes, surface receptor proteins
46
cell membranes
separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment, selectively permeable
47
passive transport
movement of solutes “downhill” from a region of high [ ] to low [ ], does not require energy (ex: osmosis, diffusion)
48
active transport
requires input of energy to pump the solute against its concentration gradient (ex: sodium potassium pump)
49
solute moving between intra and extracellular spaces is ________ charged
electrically charged → transport is affected by concentration and electric potential gradient
50
what are the largest negatively charged anion molecules in the body?
nucleic acids
51
depolarized
+ ions move in, - ions move out
52
hyperpolarized
-ions move in, + ions move out
53
osmosis
flow of water down its own concentration gradient (hypertonic: high solute [ ] and hypotonic: low solute [ ])
54
glial cell
provides support & protection for neurons in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
55
__________ required to perfectly balance out the movement of ions down its concentration gradient
electric potential
56
if membrane potential > equilibrium potential....
electrical force is larger and electrochemical force is in the direction of the driving force
57
donnan equilibrium
concentration gradient and electric potential gradient for each ion are balanced (ions are free to move across membrane)
58
(from hw 2) one artifact that causes issues with mircoscopy is...
pixelation, which happens as a result of the magnification levels being too high for the image sensors to understand, making the image low in quality and important details become hard to interpret.
59
T or F: fluoroscopy is preferred over X-ray imaging because it can provide real-time images
true
60
T or F: you can use a x-ray to diagnose a muscle tear
false - xrays are better for seeing bones because bones are more denser than soft tissue/muscles
61
T or F: you can use a x-ray to diagnose a broken bone
true
62
T or F: resolution is how much larger an image appears
false - it is smallest distance that two points can be separate and still recognized as separate points
63
T or F: electron microscopes use a beam of light to produce an image
false - they use a beam of electrons
64
T or F: plasma membrane regulates the transport of nutrients between the intracellular and extracellular environment
true - because molecules can diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer (amphipathic), is semi-permeable, transport proteins, active transport
65
T or F: ions can passively pass through the cell membrane
false - because they are charged, so they need special protein channels to cross the membrane passively (facilitated diff)
66
T or F: a CT scan can be given to pregnant women
false - hella radiation
67
what imaging techniques can you not use metal for?
x-ray, CT scan, MRI
68
how to find current density:
subtract result from Goldman's equation and result from Nernst equation and take the magnitude
69
what is needed for a solute to be transported against its concentration gradient?
active transport molecule, ATP, concentration gradient

INTRO TO BME fall '24 (3 decks)

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