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kine 2p90 > Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is Bioenergetics?

A

The productions of energy in the body

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2
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

This is the sum of all energy producing processes.

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3
Q

Why can’t glycogen be used right away?

A

Because it is too large to be transported in the blood.

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4
Q

What is the best way to lose weight?

A

Being in a caloric deficit.

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5
Q

What is the high energy compound that is created?

A

ATP(adenosine Triphosphate)

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6
Q

What is energy?

A

The ability to do work.

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7
Q

What is an endergonic Reaction?

A

Reactions that require energy to be added for the reaction to proceed

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8
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

Reactions that produce energy as a product.

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9
Q

What is a coupled reaction?

A

linked reactions where the energy production of one reaction drives a second reaction.
Exergonic reactions power endergonic reactions

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10
Q

What is oxidation?

A

The process of removing an electron from an atom or molecule.

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11
Q

What is reduction?

A

The addition of an electron to an atom or molecule.

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12
Q

What is a reducing agent?

A

This is the molecule that donates the H+

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13
Q

Are oxidation and reduction always coupled reactions?

A

Yes. The electron leaving a molecule is always going to another molecule. Meaning one is oxidized and one is reduced.

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14
Q

What regulates the rate that chemical reactions occur?

A

Enzymes

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15
Q

What do enzymes change with the reaction?

A

Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a reaction to take place.
REMEMBER - enzymes do not change the nature of the reaction nor the final result.

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16
Q

How much do enzymes speed up reactions?

A

1000x fold

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17
Q

How specific are enzymes?

A

There is only one type of enzyme for each specific reaction.

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18
Q

What are rate-limiting enzymes? Where are they typically found? Why?

A

They control the rate of the reaction. They are found at the start of the of the reaction because if found at the end, the products would accumulate from the reaction continuing and not stopping until the end of the reaction.

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19
Q

what are allosteric enzymes?

A

These are enzymes regulated by modulators. These modulators either increase or decrease enzyme activity. An example would be ATP and ADP + P

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20
Q

Enzymes lower activation energy. Do this change the energy release from the reaction?

A

No. Enzymes do not alter the amount of energy released. Only alters the rate at which reactions occur.

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21
Q

What is the lock-and-key model?

A

Substrates A and B(or one substrate) approach the active site on the enzyme. The active site is made specifically for these substrates. Once joined they create the enzyme-substrate-complex. The enzyme then releases products C and D(or a product).

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22
Q

What factors affect enzymatic activity? How?

A

Temperature - A small rise in temperature increase enzymatic activity.
pH - a change in pH will decrease enzymatic activity.
Exercise - exercise will increase body temperature and also slightly decrease the pH.

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23
Q

What is the structure of ATP and where is the energy that we harness?

A

3 phosphates are connected to an adenosine backbone.
The energy comes from the terminal phosphate which is connected by a high-energy bond. Hydrolyzing this bond releases energy.

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24
Q

What is ATP hydrolysis?

A

ATP -> ADP + P + energy(exergonic)

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25
Q

What is ATP synthesis?

A

ADP. + P + energy in -> ATP (endergonic)

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26
Q

What are our fuels sources?

A

Glucose, fatty acids, and a small amount of amino acids.

27
Q

What are the 3 different forms of carbohydrates.

A

1) monosaccharides - simple sugars; glucose, fructose
2) Disaccharides - combination of 2 monosaccharides; sucrose(table sugar), glucose and fructose combined
3) Polysaccharide - 3 or more monosaccharides; cellulose and starch

28
Q

What is glycogen?

A

a polysaccharide composed of hundreds to thousands of glucose molecules.

29
Q

What is glycogenolysis? Where does it occur?

A

The breakdown of glycogen into glucose.
Occurs in the liver and muscle cells.

30
Q

What is the purpose of glycogen?

A

To store lots of glucose without creating a large osmotic pressure difference between the cell and extracellular fluid.

31
Q

Why are fats a better fuel source?

A

Because they have more carbon atoms.

32
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

3 molecules of fatty acids and a glycerol molecule.

33
Q

What are the 3 energy systems?

A

Phosphocreatine
Glycolysis
Oxidative phosphorylation

34
Q

What pathway are fatty acids used in and why?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation because they need the presence of oxygen

35
Q

the energy systems are biochemically _______ and functionally ______.

A

Discrete and integrative.

36
Q

What is energy system output dependent on?

A

Energy systems are intensity dependent.

37
Q

What is the equation for the phosphocreatine system?

A

PCr + ADP –> ATP + Cr

38
Q

What is PCr a good energy source?

A

Because muscles stores abundant PCr which is a high energy molecule. Allows for a immediate source of energy.

39
Q

What are the characteristics of the PCr system?

A

Low inertia
High power
Low capacity

40
Q

Why does fatigue happen quickly when using the PCr system?

A

This is due to the ATP supply from the system depleting and not being able to meet the demand.

41
Q

What is the myokinase system?

A

The myokinase enzyme prevents ADP build up by generating AMP.

42
Q

What is AMP?

A

AMP is used as a signal pathway for turning on other systems in the body.

43
Q

How does myokinase create ATP?

A

ADP + ADP = ATP + AMP

44
Q

What does glylcolysis do?

A

Glycolysis is carbohydrate metabolism

45
Q

What are the 2 phases of glycolysis?

A

Energy investment phase
Energy generation phase

46
Q

What happens during the energy investment phase of glycolysis?

A

You use ATP to prime glucose for energy extraction.

47
Q

What happens during the energy generation phase of glycolysis?

A

You extract energy from glucose to make ATP

48
Q

How can we tell if glycolysis is using the anaerobic or aerobic pathway?

A

Based on the products.
If final product is pyruvate: aerobic
If final product is lactate: anaerobic

49
Q

What forms lactic acid from pyruvic acid?

A

The addition of H+ forms NAD + Lactic acid.

50
Q

What is the difference between lactic acid and lactate?

A

Lactic acid is produced by LDH reaction but is unstable.
H+ tend to dissociate from lactic acid molecule.
Lactate is more stable and is what circulates in the blood.

51
Q

What do we produce lactic acid?

A

This is to increase the availability of NAD+. Lactic acid is produced from pyruvate taking H+ from NADH to create the lactic acid, allowing the NAD molecule to be reused in more reactions.

52
Q

What do the NADH shuttles do? Where are they prevalent?

A

They transport H+ from the cytosol to the mitochondria. They allow glycolysis to perform without the production of lactate. these shuttles are in Type 1 and 2a muscle fibres because they have low LDH activity.

53
Q

What is pyruvate dehydrogenase(PDH)? What does it do?

A

transports pyruvate from cytosol into mitochondria. This improves efficiency of glycolysis and converts pyruvate into acetyl Coa.

54
Q

What does it mean when PDH > LDH? Why is this important?

A

This means the metabolic pathway is aerobic and this is important as this sets the stage for oxidative phosphorylation.

55
Q

What is Oxidative Phosphorylation?

A

This is the process of aerobic production of ATP

56
Q

What is the citric acid cycle?

A

The citric acid cycle’s job is to oxidize acetyl CoA through a series of reactions and using NAD and FAD as electron carries.

57
Q

What are the products of the citric acid cycle?

A

Each cycle produces 3 NADH and 1 FADH.
Net total of 6 NADH and 2 FADH(due to 2 cycles per glucose)

58
Q

What feeds the citric acid cycle pathway?

A

Acetyl CoA

59
Q

What is the first and last intermediate for the citric acid cycle?

A

First = citrate (6C)
Last = oxaloacetate(4C)

60
Q

how do you get Acetyl-CoA from pyruvate?

A

Pyruvate(3C) lose a carbon to CO2 to create Acetyl-CoA(2C)

61
Q

Citrate is a 6C molecule. We finish with Oxaloacetate(4C). Where do the other 2 C molecules go? What enzymes are used?

A

They are used to produce CO2 during dehydrogenase reactions. The enzymes for these reactions isocitrate dehydrogenase and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.

62
Q

What reactions(enzymes) produce NADH and FADH in the Kreb’s cycle?

A

Isocitrate dehyrogenase = NADH
a-Ketoglutarate dehygrogenase = NADH
Succinate dehydrogenase = FADH
Malate dehyrogenase = NADH

63
Q

What is Beta-oxidation?

A

process which fatty acids are converted into acetyl-CoA to be used in the Kreb’s cycle. Produces Acetyl-CoA for the Krebs cycle and FADH and NADH for the ETC.

kine 2p90 (3 decks)

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