bioenergetics

Question 1

autotrophs

Answer 1

use light to obtain energy

Question 2

heterotrophs

Answer 2

obtain energy from eating other organisms

Question 3

lithotrophs

Answer 3

nitrogen or sulfur fixing bacteria

Question 4

gibbs free energy

Answer 4

reflects the overall spontinaeity of a reaction / favorability
- thermodynamic and depends on enthalpy and entropy

Question 5

gibbs free energy eqn

Answer 5

ΔG = ΔH- TΔS

Question 6

gibbs free energy eqn

Answer 6

ΔG = ΔH- TΔS

Question 7

-ΔG

Answer 7

spontaneous and exergonic
- perform work on sorroundings

Question 8

+ΔG

Answer 8

not spontaneous and endergonic
- work is performed on the system by sorroundings

Question 9

ΔG vs ΔG˚

Answer 9

ΔG˚is standard measure of favorability
ΔG maximum energy under any condition

Question 10

ΔG˚eqn

Answer 10

ΔG˚= -RT lnKeq

Question 11

ΔG eqn

Answer 11

ΔG˚+ RTlnQ

Question 12

coupling exergonic and endergonic reactions

Answer 12

couple favored with unfavored reactions in a cell

Question 12

is ATP hydrolysis ender or exergonic

Answer 12

highly endergonic and favorable

Question 13

ΔG˚ or ΔG <0

Answer 13

spontaneous reaction
and Keq>1

Question 14

main strategies for obtaining cellular energy

Answer 14

1. high energy bonds
2. Redox reactions

Question 15

primary example of obtaining energy through high energy bonds

Answer 15

Adenosine triphosphate
the 3 phosphate groups attached by phosphoannhydride bonds can be hydrolyzed to yield adp or amp

Question 16

product of ATP hydrolysis of a single phosphoannhydride bond

Answer 16

ADP + pi

Question 17

GTP for energy

Answer 17

contains same phosphoannhydride bonds as ATP and can under go hydrolysis

Question 18

acetyl coA for energy

Answer 18

high energy thioester

Question 19

most common mechanism of atp synthesis

Answer 19

ETC via atp synthase and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 20

standard reduction potential

Answer 20

how much something wants to be reduced
o2 is highest in ETC , complex 1 is least

Question 21

standard reduction potential of electrochemical cell

Answer 21

E∘cell=E∘cathode−E∘anode
E(reduced) - E (oxidized)

Question 22

oxidation potential

Answer 22

E.cell = -O. cell

Question 23

redox reaction for NADH

Answer 23

NAD+ 1H + 2 e- –> NADH
accepts 1 h and 2 e

Question 24

redox reaction for FADH2

Answer 24

FAD+ + 2H + 2 e- --> FADH2

Question 25

physiological ph range

Answer 25

7.35 to 7.45

Question 26

what cells secrete insulin

Answer 26

beta cells of pancreas

Question 27

what cells secrete glucagon

Answer 27

alpha cells of pancreas

Question 28

what does insulin do

Answer 28

decrease BGL by increasing glucose uptake

Question 29

what signals up-regulate insulin release

Answer 29

voltage gated calcium into beta cells, argenine, leucine, ach, cholesytochiline , GLPand GIP

Question 30

what signals inhibit insulin

Answer 30

epinephrine glucagon

Question 31

insulin responsive tissue

Answer 31

muscle, adipcoytes

Question 32

GLUT 4

Answer 32

glucose transporters that come to surface of insulin responsive tissue (adiopse and skeletal muscle)

Question 33

insulin metabolic effecst

Answer 33

increased glycolyisis, decreased gluconeogenesis, increased glycogenesis, fatty acid synthesis

Question 34

what gluconeogenic enzyme does insulin inhibit

Answer 34

pyruvate carboxylase

Question 35

how does insulin affect proteolysis

Answer 35

inhibits

Question 36

diabetes mellitus

Answer 36

dysregulation of insulin in type 1 --> autoimmune attack on beta cell s type 2 --> gradual dissensitivity to insulin

Question 37

treatment for T2 diabetes

Answer 37

diet modifications and hyperglycemic meds

Question 38

glucagon produced in

Answer 38

alpha cells of pancreas

Question 39

what does glucagon do

Answer 39

release glucose into blood due to low BGL

Question 40

what metabolic activities does glucagon promote

Answer 40

gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, inhibits glycolysis,

Question 41

what molecules promote lipolysis

Answer 41

glucagon, cortisol, epinephrine