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MCAT biochem > nonenzymatic proteins > Flashcards

nonenzymatic proteins Flashcards

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1
Q

proteome

A

range of proteins expressed in an organism

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2
Q

cytoskeleton

A

cell division, structure, and organelle transport support
- made of microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

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3
Q

what polymers constitute a significant part of the cytoskeleton

A

actin and tubulin

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4
Q

arrange the protein filaments of the cytoskeleton from smallest to largest

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

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5
Q

function of actin microfilaments

A

motility and structure
- interact with myosin during muscle contraction
- contribute to cytokinesis during cell division

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6
Q

G-actin

A

individual monomers of actin

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7
Q

F-actin

A

polymer of g actin that forms microfilaments

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8
Q

how many strands of f actin make microfilament

A

2

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9
Q

T/F actin polymerization is energetically costly

A

True, ATP is added to the + chain of the growing polymer
the - end shrinks

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10
Q

tredmilling

A

actin simultaneously grows at the + end while shrinking at the - end , rapid growth and assembly for dynamic cytoskeleton

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11
Q

structure of intermediate filaments

A

long alpha helical structures that resemble cork screws
- rigid and resist force
- can be stretched far beyond length

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12
Q

function of intermediate filaments

A

cell adhesion and structrual support

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13
Q

what is keratin

A

intermediate filament that makes up hair and nails

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14
Q

microtubule structure

A

hollow cylinders composed of dimers of alpha tubulin and beta tubulin

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15
Q

function of microtubules

A
  • movement in chromosomes during M phase
  • formation of cillia and flagella
  • intracellular transport
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16
Q

what are cilia and flagella composed of

A

microtubules

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17
Q

where is microtubule formation initiated

A

in the Microtubule Organizing Centers (MTOCs) of centrosome and basal bodies of cilia and flagella

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18
Q

what are the building blocks of microtubules

A

alpha and beta tubulin dimers which polymerize using GTP

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19
Q

critical concentration

A

specific amount of dimers of a and b tubulin necessary to initiate tubule polymerization

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20
Q

motor proteins

A

kinesins, dyneins, and myosins

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21
Q

kinesins

A

use energy from ATP to move along microtubules and transport cargo
- anterograde transport (move membrane components that are bound for the membrane to periphery of cell)

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22
Q

structure of kinesin

A

heterotetramer of 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains attached to a microtubule that walks cargo

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23
Q

dyneins

A

motor proteins that carry cargo along microtubules through retrograde transport

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24
Q

axonemal dyneins

A

found only in cells with flagella and cilia
- generate sliding motion

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25
cytoplasmic dyneins
transport cargo needed to carry out cellular functions within cytoplasm
26
myosins
ATPases that are important to muscle contraction - contain head, neck, and tail regions
27
myosin head
binds to actin and hydrolyzes atp to generate force for contraction
28
power stroke
force created by myosin that allows the energy to be released via atp hydrolysis and actin and myosin bind tightly
29
atp triggers what in muscle contraction
myosin release from actin
30
cell adhesion
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) associated with cytoskeleton and play a role in the ECM
31
classes of CAMs
selectins, cadherins, integrins
32
selectins
family of CAMs that mediate inflammatory response in immune cells platelets and endothelial lining of blood vessels
33
cadherins
calcium dependend CAMs that are involved in early growth and development which bind to microfilaments of cytoplasm - transmembrane proteins - bulk of cadherin is outside fo the cell
34
adherins
clumps of cadherins that bind cells of a tissue together
35
integrins
transmembrane proteins that act as adhesion and signaling molecules
36
types of cell junctions
anchoring, gap , and tight
37
anchoring junction
adheren junctions - connect cytoskeleton of one cell with other cells and contribute to stability of tissue - can be with cadherins or ECM
38
desmosomes
involve cadherins connected to intermiediate filaments to other cells
39
hemidesmosomes
integrins connect to the intermediate filaments of the ECM
40
gap juncitons
connexin proteins - enable communication
41
common locatoin of gap junctions
cardiomyocytes
42
tight junctions
found in epithelial cells prevent communicaiton between cells BBB
43
leaky epithelia
relatively few tight junctions in an epitheial tissue - kidney
44
antibodies
glycoproteins producted by b cells of the adaptive immune system - bind to antigens
45
antigens
particles recognized as foreign by the body that bind to antibodies
46
B cell receptor
antibody bound to the membrane of a B cell
47
structure of an antibody
basic y shape with two heavy chains (bottom) and two light chains (top) - heavy chains are constant region - light chains contain varibl e region
48
contant region
heavy chains of antibody that are uniform among different antibodies
49
IgA antibodies
mucosal areas to help prevent colonization of pathogens
50
IgD antibodies
act as antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigens - activates mast cells and basophils
51
IgE antibodies
involved in allergies and antiparasitic response - IgE binds to allergen causing histimine release
52
IgG
most of humoral response , can cross placenta and confer passive immunity to fetus
53
IgM
mounts an immune response and eliminates pathogens in early stages of humoral response - before IgG levels increase
54
intacrine signalling
produced by the target cell and stay within the target cell
55
autocrine cells
produced and effected by the same cell via its own receptors
56
juxtacrine signals
target cells in contact with signal
57
paracrine signals
target cells in general vicinity
58
endocrine signals
travel through ciruculatory system
59
types of membrane receptors
ion channels, enzyme linked, GPCR
60
GPCR
when receptor binds to ligand, there is a confirmational change in gtp to activate and turn on adenylate cyclase which makes cAMP to phosphorylate other proteins
61
gtp hydrolysis
inactivation of g protein , is done by gtpases
62
what does cAMP turn on
protein kinase A
63
strcutures of a nuclear receptor
ligand binding domain and the dna binding domain
64
active g protein
alpha subunit bound to gtp
65
inactive g protein
a, b, gamma bound to gdp

MCAT biochem (11 decks)

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