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biology paper 1 > bioenergetics > Flashcards

bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

what is photosynthesis?

A

an endothermic reaction where light energy is transferred by chloroplasts to produce glucose

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2
Q

what is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide + water –> glucose + oxygen

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3
Q

what is the symbol equation for photosynthesis?

A

CO2+H2O –> C6H12O6 +O2

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4
Q

where in the plant does photosynthesis take place?

A

inside chloroplasts in plant cells

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5
Q

do all plant cells have chloroplasts?

A

no, only the ones that recieve light

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6
Q

which plant cells have the most chloroplasts?

A

the palisade mesophyll cells in the leaves

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7
Q

what factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • light intensity
  • carbon dioxide concentration
  • temperature
  • amount of chlorophyll
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8
Q

why does temperature affect photosynthesis?

A

photosynthesis is a process that uses enzymes. if the enzymes get warmer, photosynthesis happens at a faster rate, but if the enzymes get too hot, they will denature and photosynthesis will stop

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9
Q

what other organisms photosynthesise?

A

algae (pondweed and seaweed), as well as some bacteria. if there is chloroplast, it will absorb light energy and photosynthesise

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10
Q

what is the inverse square law?

A

the light energy reaching a certain point is equal to the inverse square of the distance to that point. we can turn distance into light intensity using 1/(d squared).

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11
Q

why do people care about the rate of photosynthesis?

A

anyone producing food crops will want to maximise profit. adding light, carbon dioxide, or heat into a greenhouse will give faster growth but may cost more, so may not be worth doing.

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12
Q

what is glucose produced in photosynthesis used for?

A

respiration by all living cells. also some is converted into starch, fats/oils, cellulose and amino acids

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13
Q

why do plants store glucose as starch?

A
  • starch is insoluble, so doesnt affect osmosis
  • more compact, so easier to store large amounts
  • used by cells as a source of glucose for respiration
    when it is dark
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14
Q

why do plants convert glucose to oils?

A

seeds have oils stored in them as the energy supply for the new plant to start to grow (germinate)

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15
Q

why do plants convert some glucose to cellulose?

A

cell walls are made from cellulose. it is strong and helps to support the plant. all plant cells have cell walls.

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16
Q

why do plants convert some glucose to amino acids?

A
  • amino acids are the building blocks of protein (for
    growth and repair)
  • plants need amino acids for protein synthesis
    (plants are responsible for producing many of the
    amino acids we rely on too)
17
Q

what else do plants need to turn glucose into amino acids?

A

glucose only contains the elements CHO. amino acids contain CHON. plants need nitrate ions from the soil to make amino acids.

18
Q

what is respiration?

A

an exothermic reaction where energy is released from glucose molecules. it happens continuously in all living cells

19
Q

why do living cells need to respire?

A

living cells need an energy supply for all the processes they carry out (eg chemical reactions, keeping warm and movement). without this energy supply, cells would die

20
Q

what are the 2 types of respiration?

A

aerobic (with oxygen) anaerobic (without oxygen)

21
Q

what is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

22
Q

what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

glucose –> lactic acid

23
Q

is all anaerobic respiration the same?

A

no, the equation is different for muscles and plants/ yeast

24
Q

whats the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants/yeast?

A

glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide

25
Q

why is anaerobic respiration sometimes called fermentation?

A

fermentation is just anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast, and it is economically important as it is how we produce bread and alcoholic drinks

26
Q

what happens to respiration when we exercise?

A

respiration rate increases as our cells require more energy

27
Q

what happens to heart rate when respiration increases?

A

heart rate increases so that blood circulates faster. this helps supply more oxygen and glucose to muscle cells (and removes lactic acid more quickly too)

28
Q

what happens to breathing rate when respiration increases?

A

breathing rate increases so that more oxygen enters the blood. this also helps supply more oxygenated blood to the muscle cells (and removes carbon dioxide more quickly too)

29
Q

what happens to breath volume when respiration increases?

A

each breath volume is bigger as we breathe more deeply during exercise. this also helps supply more oxygenated blood to muscle cells

30
Q

what if not enough oxygen gets to the muscle cells?

A

anaerobic respiration will start to take place (as well as aerobic, with whatever oxygen is delivered to muscle cells) lactic acid will start to build up, creating oxygen debt.

31
Q

what is the problem with lactic acid building up?

A

cells become fatigued if there is too much lactic acid. they stop contracting efficiently

32
Q

what happens to the lactic acid?

A

blood flowing through the muscles transports the lactic acid to the liver where it is converted back into glucose. oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen needed to react with the lactic acid to get rid of it.

33
Q

what is a metabolism?

A

the sum of all reactions in a cell of body.

34
Q

what is the energy transferred from respiration used for?

A

building up new molecules using enzymes inside the cells

35
Q

does metabolism include carbohydrate production?

A

yes… converting glucose to starch, cellulose, and glycogen.

36
Q

does metabolism include lipid production?

A

yes… joining 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol to make a lipid molecule

37
Q

does metabolism include protein production?

A

yes… using glucose and nitrate ions to form amino acids, then joining them to synthesise proteins

38
Q

what else does metabolism include?

A

respiration itself is a metabolic process. also excess proteins are broken down in the liver to form urea which is excreted.

biology paper 1 (11 decks)

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