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Bioenergetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis in words?

A

Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen

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2
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

In the chloroplasts of plant cells

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3
Q

What is chlorophyll, and what is its role?

A

Chlorophyll is a pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

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4
Q

Is photosynthesis endothermic or exothermic? Why?

A

Endothermic, because it requires energy from light to take place

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5
Q

How is energy transferred in photosynthesis?

A

Energy is transferred from the environment to the chloroplasts by light

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6
Q

How does a plant obtain carbon dioxide?

A

Carbon dioxide diffuses into the leaves through the stomata

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7
Q

How does a plant obtain water?

A

Water is absorbed by the roots from the soil and transported to the leaves via the xylem

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8
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

Glucose and oxygen

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9
Q

Which product is more important to plants, and why?

A

Glucose, because it is used for energy and growth

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10
Q

Name the five main uses of glucose in plants.

A
  • Respiration
  • Making cellulose
  • Storing as starch
  • Producing amino acids and proteins
  • Making oils and fats
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11
Q

Why is glucose stored as starch?

A

Starch is insoluble and does not affect water balance in the cell

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12
Q

What are the four factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • Light intensity
  • Temperature
  • Carbon dioxide concentration
  • Amount of chlorophyll
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13
Q

Why is chlorophyll important in photosynthesis?

A

It absorbs light energy needed to start the reaction

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14
Q

What are stomata, and what do they do?

A

Stomata are pores on the leaf surface that allow gas exchange, letting carbon dioxide in and oxygen out

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15
Q

What is the role of the xylem?

A

The xylem transports water from the roots to the leaves

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16
Q

What are the main uses of glucose in plants?

A
  • Respiration
  • Making amino acids (for proteins)
  • Making lipids (for energy storage)
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17
Q

What is a limiting factor?

A

A factor that slows the rate of photosynthesis when it’s in short supply

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18
Q

What does chlorophyll do in photosynthesis?

A

Chlorophyll absorbs light energy needed for photosynthesis

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19
Q

What can reduce the amount of chlorophyll in plants?

A
  • Disease
  • Environmental stress
  • Lack of nutrients
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20
Q

How does light intensity affect photosynthesis?

A

As light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases—up to a point where another factor becomes limiting

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21
Q

What happens to the graph of light intensity vs. photosynthesis when the rate plateaus?

A

It shows that light is no longer the limiting factor; another factor, like CO₂ or temperature, is limiting

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22
Q

How does carbon dioxide concentration affect photosynthesis?

A

Increasing CO₂ increases the rate of photosynthesis until it plateaus when another factor limits the rate

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23
Q

Why is carbon dioxide a limiting factor for photosynthesis?

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A

It is one of the reactants in photosynthesis

24
Q

Why does the rate of photosynthesis increase with temperature at first?

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A

Enzymes work faster at higher temperatures, speeding up the reaction

25
What happens to photosynthesis at temperatures above 45°C?
The enzymes denature, and the rate of photosynthesis drops to zero
26
How do you identify a limiting factor from a graph of photosynthesis?
Look for the factor on the x-axis where the curve plateaus
27
What does a combined graph of temperature and light intensity show?
It shows how temperature or light may limit the rate depending on the conditions
28
How do farmers use greenhouses to improve photosynthesis?
Greenhouses trap heat, increase temperature, and protect plants from pests
29
Why do farmers use artificial light?
To allow photosynthesis to continue at night
30
How can paraffin heaters help photosynthesis?
They release heat and carbon dioxide, improving growing conditions
31
What do fertilizers provide to plants?
Essential minerals needed for healthy growth
32
What is cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration is an exothermic reaction that transfers energy from glucose and occurs continuously in living cells
33
What are three uses of energy in organisms?
- Building larger molecules from smaller ones (e.g., proteins from amino acids). - Muscular contraction for movement. - Maintaining body temperature in cold environments.
34
Define metabolism
Metabolism is all the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life
35
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water
36
Where does aerobic respiration occur in cells?
Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria
37
What is anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration is respiration without oxygen, producing less energy
38
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?
Glucose → Lactic acid
39
Why is anaerobic respiration less efficient?
- It involves incomplete breakdown of glucose. - Lactic acid builds up, causing fatigue.
40
What are the products of anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast?
- Ethanol - Carbon dioxide
41
What is fermentation?
Fermentation is anaerobic respiration in yeast, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide
42
Give two examples of how cells use the energy from respiration
- For muscle contraction - To move substances around the cell
43
Complete the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi
Glucose ➔ ethanol + carbon dioxide
44
What are the two reasons animals cells prefer aerobic respiration to anaerobic respiration?
- Produces lactic acid which can damage cells and leads to an oxygen debt - doesn't break down the glucose molecule completely, and so releases less energy than aerobic respiration
45
Why do we need more respiration during exercise?
Exercise requires more energy for muscle contraction, so the body increases respiration to release this energy
46
How does the body increase oxygen supply during exercise?
- Breathing rate and breath volume increase - Heart rate increases to pump oxygen faster
47
What are the two types of respiration?
- Aerobic respiration (with oxygen). - Anaerobic respiration (without oxygen).
48
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water
49
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in humans?
Glucose → Lactic acid
50
What is oxygen debt?
The extra oxygen needed after exercise to remove lactic acid and repay the energy deficit caused by anaerobic respiration
51
What happens to lactic acid after exercise?
It is carried by the blood to the liver, where it reacts with oxygen and is converted back to glucose
52
How can you measure breathing rate?
Count how many times the chest rises and falls in one minute
53
How can you measure heart rate?
Measure your pulse by placing two fingers on an artery in your wrist or neck
54
Why is anaerobic respiration less efficient than aerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration only partially breaks down glucose and produces less energy. It also leads to lactic acid build-up
55
What causes the burning sensation in muscles after exercise?
The build-up of lactic acid in the tissues due to anaerobic respiration
56
Why does heart rate increase during exercise?
To pump oxygen and glucose faster to the muscles for respiration

Biology (11 decks)

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