Bioenergetics (CHPT 3)

Question 1

How is Acetyl-CoA formed?

Answer 1

• A two carbon molecule formed from pyruvate produced by glycolysis or from the oxidation of fatty acids or amino acids

Question 2

Activation energy

Answer 2

• Energy required to initiate a chemical reaction

Question 3

What is adenosine diphosphate (ADP)?

Answer 3

• A molecule that combines with inorganic phosphate to form ATP

Question 4

What is Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

Answer 4

• The high energy phosphate compound synthesized and used by cells to release energy for cellular work

Question 5

Aerobic

Answer 5

• in the presence of oxygen

Question 6

Anaerobic

Answer 6

• without oxygen

Question 7

ATPase

Answer 7

• enzyme capable of breaking down ATP to ADP + Pi + energy

Question 8

ATP-PC System

Answer 8

• term used to describe the metabolic pathway involving muscle stores of ATP and the use of phosphocreatine to re-phosphorylate ADP.
• this path use use at the answer of exercise and during short term high intensity work

Question 9

Beta oxidation

Answer 9

• breakdown of three fatty acids to form acetyl-CoA

Question 10

Bioenergetics

Answer 10

• The chemical process involved with the production of cellular ATP

Question 11

Cell membrane

Answer 11

• The lipid bilayer envelope that encloses cells
• sacrolemma in muscle cells

Question 12

Chemiosmotic hypothesis

Answer 12

• The mechanism to explain the aerobic formation of ATP and mitochondria

Question 13

Citric acid cycle/Krebs cycle

Answer 13

• A key metabolic pathway located in the mitochondria
• A series of chemical reactions used to harness useable energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA Derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

Question 14

Coupled reactions

Answer 14

• The linking of energy liberating chemical reactions to drive energy requiring reactions

Question 15

Cytoplasm

Answer 15

• The contents of the cell surrounding the nucleus
• sacroplasm in muscle cells

Question 16

Electron transport chain

Answer 16

• A series of cytochromes in the mitochondria that are responsible for oxidative phosphorylation

Question 17

Endergonic reactions

Answer 17

• Energy requiring reactions

Question 18

Enzymes

Answer 18

• proteins that lower the energy of activation and, therefore, catalyze chemical reactions
• Regulate the rate of most metabolic pathways

Question 19

Exergonic reactions

Answer 19

• Chemical reactions that release energy

Question 20

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Answer 20

• serves as an electron carrier in bioenergetics

Question 21

Glucose

Answer 21

• A simple sugar that is transported via the blood and metabolized by tissues

Question 22

Glycogen

Answer 22

• A glucose polymer synthesized in cells as a means of storing carbohydrate

Question 23

Glycogenolysis

Answer 23

• The breakdown of glycogen into glucose

Question 24

Glycolysis

Answer 24

• A metabolic pathway in the cytoplasm of the cell that results in the degradation of glucose into pyruvate or lactate

Question 25

Inorganic

Answer 25

- substances that do not contain carbon

Question 26

Inorganic phosphate (Pi)

Answer 26

- A stimulator of cellular metabolism -  use with ADP to form ATP in the electron transport chain

Question 27

Isocitrate degydrogenase

Answer 27

- rate limiting enzyme in the Krebs cycle that is inhibited by ATP and stimulated by ADP and Pi

Question 28

Lactate

Answer 28

- A three carbon molecule that is a potential and product of glucose metabolism

Question 29

Metabolism

Answer 29

- The total of all cellular reactions that occur in cells and includes chemical pathways that results in synthesis of molecules as well as breakdown of molecules

Question 30

Mitochondrion

Answer 30

- The subcellular organelle responsible for the production of ATP with oxygen - Contains enzymes for the Krebs cycle electron transport chain and the fatty acid cycle

Question 31

Molecular biology

Answer 31

- branch of biochemistry Involved with the study of gene structure and function

Question 32

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)

Answer 32

- Coenzyme that transfers hydrogen and the energy associated with those hydrogens - in krebs: NAD transfers energy from substrates to the electron transport chain 

Question 33

Nucleus

Answer 33

- membrane-bound organelle containing most of the cells DNA

Question 34

Organic

Answer 34

- describe substances that contain carbon

Question 35

Oxidation

Answer 35

- removal of electrons from an element of molecule

Question 36

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 36

- mitochondrial process in which energetic phosphate is couple to EDP as energy as transferred along the electron transport chain in which oxygen is a final electronic acceptor

Question 37

Phosphocreatine (PC)

Answer 37

- Compounds found in skeletal muscle and use to resynthesize ATP from ADP

Question 38

Phosphofructokonase (PFK)

Answer 38

- rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis that is responsive to ADP, Pi, And ATP levels in the cytoplasm of the cell

Question 39

Reduction

Answer 39

- gain of electrons

Question 40

The oxidation of acetyl-CoA results in what?

Answer 40

- The production of carbon dioxide and ATP