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KIN 269 > Circulatory Response to Exercise (CHPT 9) > Flashcards

Circulatory Response to Exercise (CHPT 9) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the circulatory system?

A
  • Heart
  • Arteries and arterioles
  • Capillaries
  • Veins and venules
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2
Q

The cardiovascular system works with which system?

A
  • pulmonary system
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3
Q

What are the purposes of the cardiorespiratory system?

A
  • Transport O2 and nutrients to tissues
  • Removal of CO2 wastes from tissues
  • Regulation of body temperature
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4
Q

What are the two major adjustments of blood flow during exercise?

A
  • Increased cardiac output
  • Redistribution of blood flow
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5
Q

What is the formula to calculate arterial blood pressure?

A
  • = Cardiac Output x Total Peripheral Resistance
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6
Q

What side of the heart has the pulmonary circuit?

A
  • Right side of the heart
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7
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary circuit?

A
  • Pumps of deoxygenated blood to the lungs via pulmonary arteries
  • Returns oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart via pulmonary veins
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8
Q

What side of the heart has the systemic circuit?

A
  • left side of the heart
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9
Q

What is the role of the systemic circuit?

A
  • Pumps oxygenated blood to the whole body via arteries
  • Returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart via veins
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10
Q

What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?

A

(1) the transport of O2 to tissues and removal of wastes
(2) the transport of nutrients to tissues
(3) the regulation of body temperature

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11
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

A
  • Epicardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
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12
Q

Where does the heart receive its blood supply from?

A
  • via coronary arteries
  • high demand for oxygen and nutrients
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13
Q

What is a myocardial infarction (MI)?

A
  • Blockage in coronary blood flow results in cell damage
  • Exercise training protects against heart damage during MI
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14
Q

What are some characteristics of the epicardium?

A
  • serous membrane including blood capillaries, lymph capillaries, and nerve fibers
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15
Q

What is the function of the epicardium?

A
  • serves as a lubricative outer covering
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16
Q

What is the function of the myocardium?

A
  • provides muscular contractions that eject blood from the heart chambers
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17
Q

What are some characteristics of the myocardium?

A
  • cardiac muscle tissue separated by connective tissues and including blood capillaries, lymph capillaries, and nerve fibres
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18
Q

What are some characteristics of the endocardium?

A
  • endothelial tissue and a thick subendothelial layer of elastic and collagenous fibers
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19
Q

What is the function of the endocardium?

A
  • serves as a protective inner lining of the chambers and valves
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20
Q

What is the connective tissue of the heart?

A
  • endomysium
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21
Q

Does the heart have cellular junctions?

A
  • yes, intercalated discs
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22
Q

Is the energy production of the heart aerobic or anaerobic?

A
  • aerobic
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23
Q

Where does the heart get its calcium supply for contraction?

A
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum and extracellular calcium
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24
Q

How is regular exercise cardioprotective?

A
  • Reduce the incidence of heart attacks
  • Improves survival from a heart attack
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25
Q

How does exercise reduce the amount of myocardial damage from a heart attack?

A
  • Improvements in the heart’s antioxidant capacity
  • Improved function of ATP-sensitive potassium channels
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26
Q

What is an ARED?

A
  • Advanced Resistive Exercise Device
  • Load of up to 600 pounds using vacuum cylinders and flywheel
  • Used in space
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27
Q

Explain the aspects of the systole phase of the cardiac cycle.

A
  • Contraction phase
  • Ejection of blood
    ~2/3 blood is ejected from ventricles per beat
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28
Q

Explain the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle.

A
  • Relaxation phase
  • Filling with blood
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29
Q

At rest, is diastole or systole longer?

A
  • diastole
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30
Q

What is the length of the systole and diastole at a resting heart rate of 75 bpm?

A
  • s: 0.3 s
  • d: 0.5s
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31
Q

Explain the pressure changes during the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle.

A
  • Pressure in ventricles is low
  • Filling with blood from atria
  • AV valves open when ventricular P < atrial P
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32
Q

Explain the pressure changes during the systole phase of the cardiac cycle.

A
  • Pressure in ventricles rises
  • Blood ejected in the pulmonary and systemic circulation
  • Semilunar valves open when ventricular P > aortic P
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33
Q

Explain the lub and dub sounds of the heart.

A

First (lub): closing of AV valves
Second (dub): closing of aortic and pulmonary valves

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34
Q

What is normal blood pressure?

A
  • 120/80 mmHg
35
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A
  • Pressure generated during ventricular contraction
36
Q

What is diastolic?

A
  • Pressure in the arteries during cardiac relaxation
37
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A
  • Difference between systolic and diastolic
38
Q

What is mean arterial pressure? (MAP)

A

Average pressure in the arteries

39
Q

How is mean arterial pressure calculated?

A
  • MAP = DBP + 0.33(SBP – DBP)
40
Q

What is hypertension?

A
  • Blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg
41
Q

What is the cause of primary hypertension?

A
  • Cause unknown
  • 90% cases of hypertension
42
Q

What is the cause of secondary hypertension?

A
  • Result of some other disease process
43
Q

Hypertension is a risk factor for…

A
  • Left ventricular hypertrophy
  • Atherosclerosis and heart attack
  • Kidney damage
  • Stroke
44
Q

What are the determinants of mean arterial pressure?

A
  • Cardiac output
  • Total vascular resistance
45
Q

Explain, short-term regulation of blood pressure.

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Baroreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries
46
Q

An increase in blood pressure = a decrease or an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity?

A
  • Decrease in sympathetic nervous system activity
47
Q

A decrease in blood pressure = increased or decreased sympathetic nervous system activity?

A
  • Increased sympathetic nervous system activity
48
Q

What controls long-term regulation of blood pressure?

A
  • The kidneys
  • Via control of blood volume
49
Q

What are some factors that influence arterial blood pressure? (Increase)

A
  • Blood volume increases
  • Heart rate increases
  • Stroke volume increases
  • Blood viscosity increases
  • Peripheral resistance increases
50
Q

Contraction of the heart depends on what?

A
  • Electrical stimulation of the myocardium
51
Q

Explain the conduction system. (4)

A
  • Sinoatrial node
  • atrioventricular node
  • Bundle branches
  • Purkinje fibres
52
Q

What is the role of the sinoatrial node?

A
  • pacemaker, initiates, depolarisation
53
Q

What is the role of the atrioventricular node?

A
  • Passes, depolarisation to ventricles
  • Brief delay to allow for ventricular filling
54
Q

What is the role of the bundle branches?

A
  • left bundle branch, conducts impulses to the left ventricle
  • right…
55
Q

What are the Purkinje fibres?

A
  • Specific heart muscle tissue responsible for generation of the heart impulses
56
Q

What is the first step of the conduction system?

A
  • Action, potentials originate in the Sinoatrial node and travel across the wall of the atrium from the SA node to the AV node
57
Q

What is the second step of the conduction system?

A
  • Action potentials pass through the AV node, and along the atrioventricular bundle, which extends from the AV node, through the fibrosis skeleton, into the interventricular septum
58
Q

What is the third step of the conduction system of the heart?

A

The AV bundle divides into right and left bundle branches, and action potentials descend to the apex of each ventricle along the bundle branches

59
Q

What is the fourth step of the conduction system of the heart?

A

Action potentials are carried by the Purkinje fibres from the bundle branches to the ventricle walls.

60
Q

What is the purpose of an electrocardiogram? (ECG)

A

Record the electrical activity of the heart

61
Q

What is the P-wave in an electrocardiogram?

A

Atrial depolarisation

62
Q

What is the QRS complex in an electrocardiogram?

A
  • ventricle depolarisation, and atrial repolarisation
63
Q

What is a T wave in the electrocardiogram?

A
  • ventricle repolarisation
64
Q

ECG abnormalities may indicate what?

A

Coronary heart disease

65
Q

On an ECG, which segment indicates myocardial ischemia?

A
  • ST segment
66
Q

How can an ECG be used for diagnostics during exercise?

A
  • graded exercise stress test to elevate cardiac function
  • atherosclerosis
  • ST segment depression
67
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A
  • fatty plaque that narrows coronary arteries
  • Reduces blood flow to myocardium
  • Can cause a heart attack
68
Q

What is cardiac output?

A
  • The amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute
69
Q

Cardiac output as a product of what?

A
  • Heart rate (number of beats per minute)
  • Stroke volume (amount of blood ejected in each beat)
70
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A
  • Q = HR x SV
71
Q

Cardiac output is dependent on…

A

Training state, and gender

72
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system regulate heart rate?

A
  • Via vagus nerve
  • So is heart rate by inhibiting SA, and AV node
73
Q

What causes an increase in heart rate at the onset of exercise?

A
  • initial increase to the parasympathetic withdrawal
  • later increase due to increased sympathetic nervous system, simulation
74
Q

What is the relation between Beta-adrenergic blocking drugs (beta blockers) and heart rate?

A
  • reduce heart rate and contractility (lower the myocardial oxygen demand)
  • Compete with epinephrine and norepinephrine for beta receptors in the heart
75
Q

Why are beta blockers prescribed (Heart issues)?

A
  • Prescribe for patients with coronary artery disease and hypertension
76
Q

What is heart rate variability?

A
  • The time between heartbeats
77
Q

What is the balance between the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system called?

A

Sympathovagal balance

78
Q

Is a wide variation in heart rate, variability considered healthy?

A

Yes

79
Q

What regulates stroke volume?

A
  • end diastolic volume
  • Average aortic blood pressure
  • Strength of ventricular contraction
80
Q

What is end diastolic volume?

A
  • Volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
81
Q

What is the strength of ventricular contraction enhanced by?

A
  • circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • Direct sympathetic stimulation of heart
82
Q

What is the equation for stroke volume?

A

SV = EDV (end-diastolic volume) x ESV (and systolic volume)

83
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A
  • Proportion of blood pumped out of left ventricle each beat
84
Q

What is the formula for ejection fraction?

A
  • EF = SV/EDV

KIN 269 (4 decks)

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